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Traktaträtt

Traktaträtt. 1969 års Wienkonvention (VCLT).

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Traktaträtt

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  1. Traktaträtt

  2. 1969 års Wienkonvention (VCLT) • ” ’[T]reaty’ means an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation” [art 2 § 1(a)] • ”[T]he Convention applies only to treaties which are concluded by States after the entry into force of the present Convention with regard to such States” (art 4)

  3. VCLT - tillämplig eller ej? • Exempel: • Avtal mellan FN och Irak • Canada och UK tvistar om tillämpningen av 1991 års avtal • Chile och Argentina tvistar om tolkningen av ett gränsavtal från 1881 • Sydafrika och Zimbabwe tvistar om tillämpningen av 1961 års Wienkonvention (”DiplomatK”)

  4. Ingåendet av traktater • Några viktiga termer • Antagande • Bestyrkande • Undertecknande • Ratifikation • Anslutning

  5. När uppstår bundenhet? • Avtalsfrihet råder • Norge och Island tvistar om fisket i Barents hav • Kan tvisten lösas med tillämpning av 1982 års Havsrättskonvention? • Har Havsrättskonventionen trätt ikraft överhuvud? • Norge bunden och när? • Island bunden och när?

  6. Reservationer till traktater • Tvist mellan Sverige och Sudan om immunitet för Sveriges diplomatiska företrädare i Sudan • Sudan och Sverige är parter till 1961 års Wienkonvention • Sudans anslutningsinstrument innehåller följande reservation: • ”Sudan reserves the right to interpret article 38 as not granting to a diplomatic agent who is a national of or a permanent resident in the Sudananyimmunity from jurisdiction, and inviolability, eventhough the actscomplained of are officialactsperformed by the saiddiplomatic agent in the exercise of his functions.”

  7. Reservationer till traktater • FRG invänder: • ”The FRG regards the reservation of Sudan as incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention. This declaration is not to be interpreted as preventing the entry into force of the Convention as between the FRG and Sudan.” • Vad har reservationen för effekt?

  8. Reservation giltig? • ”[To] Article 2, paragraph 3 [of CAT], in so far as it modifies the principle of ’obedience upon reiteration’ contained in Chilean domestic law. The Government of Chile will apply the provisions of that international norm to subordinate personnel governed by the Code of Military Justice, provided that the order patently intended to lead to perpetration of the acts referred to in article 1 is not insisted on by the superior officer after being challenged by his subordinate.”

  9. Reservation giltig? • ”The Government of Kuwait wishes to formulate a reservation with regard to [ICCPR] article 25(b). The provisions of this paragraph conflict with the Kuwaiti electoral law, which restricts the right to stand and vote in elections to males.”

  10. Reservation giltig? • “The Government of the United States of America makes the following reservations: That nothing in the Convention requires or authorizes legislation or other action by the United States of America prohibited by the Constitution of the United States as interpreted by the United States.“

  11. Traktaters ogiltighet • Exempel: • Sverige och Sovjet sluter avtal om avgränsning av Östersjön öster om Gotland • Konsekvenser: • Traktat nullitet eller anfäktbar?

  12. Ändring av traktater m.m. • Finland blir part till Open Skies-avtalet; är tidigare part till Ålandskonventionen som lyder: • ”[N]o military, naval or air force of any Power shall enter or remain in the zone” (art. 2) • Hur kan de två avtalsrättsliga förpliktelserna harmoniseras? • Ändring? • Termination? • Lex posterior?

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