What do you know about sex, your reproductive systems, human growth and development?

1. What do you know about sex, your reproductive systems, human growth and development? • What have your parents taught you? • What have your siblings taught you? • What have your friends taught you? • What has the media taught you? • What have you taught yourself?

2. Sex Education ….. I will teach you……. What you need to know about your reproductive system, how to take care of your reproductive system, & choices, consequences, and responsibilities with sexual relations, & relationships

3. We change, develop, & Mature

4. Secondary Sex Characteristics The secondary sexual characteristics. At puberty in both sexes, there is a growth spurt, an increase in body hair, the development of pubic hair, and increase in genital size. In females breasts develop, hips broaden, and periods start. In males the voice breaks and facial hair develops.

5. Why does this happen and when?

6. Hormones….. that’s what happens! In humans the development of secondary sexual characteristics is stimulated at puberty by the hormone oestrogen in women and testosterone in men. Testosterone is produced in the testes of males, while oestrogen and progesterone are produced in the ovaries of females. Women develop breasts and wider hips; men develop a deeper voice, body and facial hair, and stronger body odour; and both develop hair in underarm and genital regions. However, at puberty the reproductive organs also mature as a consequence of growth and changes in circulating hormones, ready for sexual reproduction.

7. Secondary sex characteristics of girls 12 to 17 years of age: the U.S. Health Examination Survey. Secondary sex characteristics of girls 15 to 22 years of age: the U.S. Health Examination Survey. When does this occur?

8. The differences between male and female reproductive system. Let’s look at the male reproductive system first!

10. PenisThe penis is the external sex organ of the male through which both urine and semen pass. It consists of three cylinder-shaped bodies of spongy tissue filled with tiny blood vessels, which run the length of the organ. Two of these bodies lie side by side in the upper portion of the penis. The third is a tube which lies centrally beneath the others and expands at the end to form the tip of the penis, which is called the "glans." The penis transfers sperm to the woman's body during sexual intercourse and is a duct for the disposal of fluid waste. The penis becomes erect during sexual excitement, because extra blood is pumped into spongy tissues, resulting in enlargement and hardening which allows penetration into the female organ. The "head" of the penis is called the "glans" and is normally covered with a protective, retractable skin or "hood." This skin is often cut off at birth, or "circumcised," and it is believed that its removal lessens risk of cancer and bacterial infections. At the center of the penis is a tube which carries urine from the bladder and semen from the prostate gland, called the "urethra." During sexual intercourse, reflexes prevent urine from entering this duct and alkaline solutions are produced and secreted to flush out any traces of urine from the urethra before semen is secreted.

11. Penis Size Facts • This means the great majority of penises measure between 15cm and 18cm (6-7 inches) when erect, with the average figure being about 16.5cm (6.5 inches). • A non-erect penis usually measures between 8.5cm and 10.5cm (3-4 inches) from tip to base.

12. TesticlesThe scrotum is a sac that hangs under the penis and holds the testes. It is divided internally into two halves by a membrane; each half containing a testis. It has an outer layer of thin, wrinkled skin over a layer of tissue which contains muscle. The testicle lies inside the scrotum and produces as many as 12 trillion sperm in a male's lifetime, about 400 million of which are ejaculated in one average intercourse. Each sperm takes about seventy-two days to mature and its maturity is overseen by a complex interaction of hormones. The scrotum has a built-in thermostat, which keeps the sperm at the correct temperature. It may be surprising that the testicles should lie in such a vulnerable place, outside the body, but it is too hot inside. The sperm production needs a temperature which is three to five degrees below body temperature. If it becomes too cool on the outside, the scrotum will contract to bring the testes closer the body for warmth.

13. Undescended Testes • This event takes place late in fetal development, during the eighth month of gestation. In some newborn boys the testes are not present in the scrotum, either because the testes did not descend or because the testes never developed in the fetus. • Eighty percent of all undescended testes cases naturally correct themselves during the first year of life. Only 3 to 4 percent of full-term baby boys have undescended testes, and half of those complete the journey by the age of three months. Up to 30 percent of boys born prematurely have testes that have not yet made the full descent. In 5 percent of cases of undescended testes, the testis on one side is completely absent. In 10 percent of cases, both testes are completely absent.

14. Prostate GlandThe prostate gland is a solid, chestnut-shaped organ surrounding the first part of the urethra (tube which carries the urine and semen) in the male. It produces secretions which form a part of the semen. The prostate gland lies just under the bladder and in front of the rectum. It consists of two main zones: the inner zone, which produces secretions to keep the lining of the male urethra moist, and the outer zone, which produces seminal fluids to facilitate the passage of semen into the female. The "urethra" is a two-stemmed duct leading from the bladder and from the prostate gland into the penis.

15. Cowper's GlandsThe Cowper's, glands, are two small structures about the size of peas, which are located below the prostate gland. They are composed of many tubes whose linings secrete a fluid that is released in response to sexual stimulation to provide some lubrication to the end of the penis in preparation for sexual intercourse. Most of the lubricating, however, is provided by the female reproductive organs.

16. Vas DeferensThe vas deferens is a muscular tube that begins at the lower end of the epididymis and passes upward along the side of the testis to become part of the spermatic cord. It passes through the inguinal canal, enters the abdominal cavity, and courses over the pelvic brim. From there, it extends back into the pelvic cavity, where it ends behind the urinary bladder. Near its termination, it becomes dilated into a portion called the "ampulla." Just outside the prostate gland, the tube becomes slender again and unites with the duct of a seminal vesicle. The fusion of these two ducts forms an ejaculatory duct, which passes through the substance of the prostate gland and empties into the urethra through a slit-like opening.

18. Fill-in your Diagrams

19. Facts about sperm…….. Production • Sperm are produced in the testes, where it takes approximately 10 weeks for a single soldier to reach maturity • Matured sperm is stored in the epididymis - the coil like structure that runs across the top of each testicle. • Sperm can remain in the epididymis for about a fortnight before being delivered up as ejaculate, or broken down and reabsorbed by the body.

20. (con’t) Facts about Sperm Content and Delivery • Semen doesn't just contain sperm, but fluids secreted by several glands during ejaculation. • During sexual arousal, and close to the point of climax, semen travels from the epididymis through a tube called the vas deferens. Here, it picks up a fluid rich in fructose - a sugary substance that acts a bit like rocket fuel. • Other fluids kick in along the way to the urethra (the tube that runs the length of the penis). This comes from the prostate gland, the Cowper's glands and the seminal vesicles. Some secretions are designed to neutralize acids (such as urine traces in the urethra), others provide vital enzymes). • The finished product contains approximately just 10% sperm. The rest consists of enzymes, vitamin C, calcium, protein, sodium, zinc, citric acid and fructose sugar.

21. (con’t) Facts about Sperm Interesting Facts • There is no need to have sex or masturbate to ejaculation for health reasons. The body can happily cope with unused sperm, with no impact on fertility or sex drive. • Every day, a healthy adult male can produce around 70 to 150 million sperm, while an average teaspoon-sized 'serving' contains between 200 and 500 million of the lil' wrigglers. • Semen consistency varies from day to day, but can become thick or lumpy if you've been unwell or feeling a bit peaky. It has no impact on fertility, however, but if you're experiencing any pain or discharge (or you're concerned in any way) then don't hesitate to check it out with your GP to check for any underlying medical problem.

23. Now let’s take a look at the female reproductive system.

25. Vagina The vagina is a muscular passage which forms a part of the female sex organs and which connects the neck of the uterus (called the "cervix") with the external genitals. The vagina, which is approximately two and one-half to four inches long, has muscular walls which are supplied with numerous blood vessels. These walls become erect when a woman is aroused as extra blood is pumped into these vessels. The vagina has three functions: as a receptacle for the penis during love-making; as a outlet for blood during menstruation; and as a passageway for the baby to pass through at birth.

26. Ovaries The ovaries are a pair of oval or almond-shaped glands which lie on either side of the uterus and just below the opening to the fallopian tubes. In addition to producing eggs or "ova," the ovaries produce female sex hormones called estrogen and progesterone. The ovaries produce a female hormone, called estrogen, and store female sex cells or "ova." The female, unlike the male, does not manufacture the sex cells. A girl baby is born with about 60,000 of these cells, which are contained in sac-like depressions in the ovaries. Each of these cells may have the potential to mature for fertilization, but in actuality, only about 400 ripen during the woman's lifetime.

27. Fallopian TubesThe fallopian tube extends from the uterus to the ovary. This tube carries eggs and sperm and is where fertilization of the egg, or "ovum" takes place. The fallopian tubes lie in the pelvic portion of the abdominal cavity and each tube reaches from an ovary to become the upper part of the uterus. This funnel-shaped tube is about three inches in length. The larger end of the funnel is divided into feathery, finger-like projections which lie close to the ovary. These beating projections, along with muscle contractions, force the ovum down the funnel's small end, which opens into the uterus. After sexual intercourse, sperm swim up this funnel from the uterus. The lining of the tube and its secretions sustain both the egg and the sperm, encouraging fertilization and nourishing the egg until it reaches the uterus. If an egg splits in two after fertilization, identical or "maternal" twins are produced. If separate eggs are fertilized by different sperm, the mother gives birth to un-identical or "fraternal" twins.

28. Uterus The uterus or "womb" is a hollow, muscular organ in which a fertilized egg, called the "zygote," becomes embedded and in which the egg is nourished and allowed to develop until birth. It lies in the pelvic cavity behind the bladder and in front of the bowel. The uterus usually tilts forward at a ninety degree angle to the vagina, although in about 20%% of women, it tilts backwards. The uterus is lined with tissues which change during the menstrual cycle. These tissues build under the influence of hormones from the ovary. When the hormones withdraw after the menstrual cycle, the blood supply is cut off and the tissues and unfertilized egg are shed as waste. During pregnancy, the uterus stretches from three to four inches in length to a size which will accommodate a growing baby. During this time, muscular walls increase from two to three ounces to about two pounds and these powerful muscles release the baby through the birth canal with great force. The womb shrinks back to half its pregnant weight before a baby is a week old. By the time the baby is a month old, the uterus may be as small as when the egg first entered.

29. Cervix The lower one-third of the uterus is the tubular "cervix," which extends downward into the upper portion of the vagina. The cervix surrounds the opening called the "cervical orifice," through which the uterus communicates with the vagina.

30. Labia Minor The labia (singular, labium) minor are flattened lengthwise into folds located with the cleft between the labia major. These folds extend along either side of the vestibule. They are composed of connective tissue that is richly supplied with blood vessels, causing a pinkish appearance. In the back, near the anus, the labia minor merge with the labia major, while in the front they converge to form a hood-like covering around the clitoris.

31. Labels the female parts on your diagrams…..

32. Facts about Menstruation?

33. It is a pain in the vagina!

34. First, the egg. Female's ovaries The average female's ovaries contain about two million eggs. Each egg contains the genetic code of countless generations of human beings.

36. What is menstruation? Menstruation is a woman's monthly bleeding, also called a period. When you menstruate, your body is shedding the lining of the uterus (womb). Menstrual blood flows from the uterus through the small opening in the cervix, and passes out of the body through the vagina. Most menstrual periods last from three to five days.

37. What is the menstrual cycle? Menstruation is part of the menstrual cycle, which prepares your body for pregnancy each month. A cycle is counted from the first day of one period to the first day of the next period. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days long. Cycles can range anywhere from 21 to 35 days in adults and from 21 to 45 days in young teens. Body chemicals called hormones rise and fall during the month to make the menstrual cycle happen.

38. What happens during the menstrual cycle? In the first half of the cycle, levels of estrogen (the “female hormone”) start to rise and make the lining of the uterus (womb) grow and thicken. At the same time, an egg (ovum) in one of the ovaries starts to mature. At about day 14 of a typical 28-day cycle, the egg leaves the ovary. This is called ovulation.After the egg has left the ovary it travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus. Hormone levels rise and help prepare the uterine lining for pregnancy. A woman is most likely to get pregnant during the three days before ovulation or on the day of ovulation. Keep in mind, women with cycles that are shorter or longer than average may ovulate earlier or later than day 14.If the egg is fertilized by a man’s sperm cell and attaches to the uterine wall, the woman becomes pregnant. If the egg is not fertilized, it will break apart. If pregnancy does not occur, hormone levels drop, and the thickened lining of the uterus is shed during the menstrual period.

39. In the picture below, the egg has left the ovary and is on its way through the fallopian tube to the uterus.

40. What is a typical menstrual period like? During your period, the thickened uterine lining and extra blood are shed through the vaginal canal. Your period may not be the same every month and it may not be the same as other women's periods. Periods can be light, moderate, or heavy, and the length of the period also varies. While most periods last from three to five days, anywhere from two to seven days is normal. For the first few years after menstruation begins, longer cycles are common. A woman's cycle tends to shorten and become more regular with age. Most of the time, periods will be in the range of 21 to 45 days apart.

41. When does a girl usually get her first period? In the United States, the average age is 12. This does not mean that all girls start at the same age. A girl can start her period anytime between the ages of eight and 15. Usually, the first period starts about two years after breasts first start to grow. If a girl has not had her first period by age 15, or if it has been more than two to three years since breast growth started, she should see a doctor. They typically stop having their periods around 50 which is called menopause.

42. Tampons and Hygiene Products How often should I change my pad/tampon? • Pads should be changed as often as needed, before the pad is soaked with blood. Each woman decides for herself what works best. Tampons should be changed at least every four to eight hours.

43. Problems associated with our reproductive system: • Females: STD’s, cancers, tumors, fibroids, infertility, infections, and endometriosis • Males: STD’s, infertility, impotence, infections, cancers, and tumors

44. Taking care of your system…. • Self-examinations • See a doctor (when you become sexual active see a doctor each year) • Health, hygiene, and nutrition • Reduce stress • Drugs will effect your reproductive system.

45. The testicular self exam is best performed after a warm bath or shower. (Heat relaxes the scrotum, making it easier to spot anything abnormal)

46. Lance Armstrong and others You've said that you knew something was wrong 3 years before you got diagnosed with TC--why did you wait so long? I didn't know...I would've still been waiting if it hadn't started hurting, it just got so painful I couldn't sit on my bike any more.

47. Breast Self Examination

48. PELVIC EXAMINATION1. Pap smear (check to see irregular cells)2. STD checkThe best time is right after your period. Beginning in your 20s

49. So those are your reproductive systems…..Questions?

50. Sexual Intercourse….. • 1. Relationships • 2. Communication with partner • 3. Abstinence • 4. Protected Sex • 5. Unprotected Sex • 6. Fertilization