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Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II. Migration. tom.h.wilson tom.wilson@mail.wvu.edu. Department of Geology and Geography West Virginia University Morgantown, WV.
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Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II Migration tom.h.wilson tom.wilson@mail.wvu.edu Department of Geology and Geography West Virginia University Morgantown, WV
In today’s lecture we address basic issues associated with the process of migration which attempts to eliminate the geometrical distortions we have become intimately familiar with during the semester. Can we collapse diffractions back to their point of origin? Can we uncross the dipping limbs of synclines, eliminate the reverse branches, move dipping reflectors back up dip … ?
? Look over this section for a few minutes - where are the faults?
Two-way travel times are accurately converted to depth when multiplied by V/2. The depth converted surface is referred to as the record surface.
l1 l2 Note that the actual reflector has dip whereas the depth converted record surface has dip .
From our record section (depth converted time section) we measure , l1 and l2. Then we calculate and then locate positions BB’ on the reflector surface.
B’ B From , we compute . l1 and l2 are the distances to the actual reflection points. We rotate l1 and l2 through the angle in the updip direction to locate the actual points of reflection B and B’. We now know where the reflector surface is located.
Wavefront Migration The reflector surface - whatever is configuration - is a common tangent to the population of wavefronts emitted by the coincident source-receivers along the profile.
The record point appears at a depth l2 which corresponds to the radius of the wavefront incident on the reflection point B. Derived from a record of arrival time, it plots directly beneath the surface recording point.
The foregoing approach is referred to as the tan-sin method. The relationship between record points, wavefronts and reflection points can also be used to derive the location of the reflector another way.
wavefronts Each point on the record surface AA’ can be swung out along a circular arc (the wavefront). Find all points tangent to the population of wavefronts and draw a line connecting them. That line is the reflector surface.
III. The last geometrical approach we will consider is referred to as the maximum convexity front approach. Don’t let this fancy name baffle you. This is just what we call a diffraction when it is plotted as a record surface in pseudo depth.
Maximum convexity front Each point on the record surface lies on a maximum convexity front whose apex coincides with the actual reflection point. The record surface is the common tangent to the maximum convexity fronts.
Maximum Convexity Fronts A’ A The record surface How can we use the maximum convexity front relationship to locate the reflector surface given the record surface?
Points on the record surface that form points of tangency to a maximum convexity front migrate or are relocated to the apex of the maximum convexity front. Thus, in the above, A’ is a point of tangency and B’ - the reflection point - lies at the apex of the maximum convexity front.
Note that the wavefront and the maximum convexity front intersect at two points. One point is located on the reflector surface and the other on the record surface.
Based on the foregoing geometrical argument we can see that reflection events observed in time are simply a superposition of diffractions from points on the reflector surface. In the above simulation, the apex of individual diffractions coincide with the locations of reflection points.
The reflection or record surface represents a zone of constructive interference associated with the superposition of point diffractions arising from individual reflection points. In the limit that the spacing between diffraction points used to represent the reflector surface drops to zero, destructive interference between diffractions eliminates the diffraftion limbs that hang below the record surface.
Summary We have presented three different approaches to migration each of which illustrate basic geometrical interrelationships between the reflector surface and record surface. These methods include I) tan-sin migration II) Wavefront migration III) Maximum Convexity Front migration
Class Exercise:You will find the simple section below in your handout. Use the tan-sin and wavefront migration methods to determine the location of the reflector surface.
Measure , l1 & l2 for the two record surfaces below and then move the end points for each record-surface to the corresponding end-points on the reflector surface.
Using the compass, trace out wavefronts in the updip direction for each record surface. Use a straight-edge to locate the tangent to the wavefronts. The common tangent corresponds to the reflector surface. Do for both record surfaces and compare the results of the wavefront method to the tan-sin method.
The maximum convexity method requires that the interpreter have a set of maximum convexity curves. The maximum convexity curves are easily constructed.
First, measure off distances from surface points to the two diffraction points.
In the record section (and time section) the diffraction arrivals plot vertically beneath the source-receiver locations. The Maximum convexity front or diffraction form hyperbola in the record or time section.
Move the maximum convexity front into points of tangency with individual reflection points. Move the record point to apex of the maximum convexity front.
? Look over this section. Where are the faults?
After migration fault locations are often easier to identify.
How did you do? Note the familiar pattern of stretched anticlines, collapsed synclines with reverse branches.
At any single surface point, the coincident source-receiver record views normal incidence reflections off to the side from dipping structure.
Thus reflections from a continuous reflector will be displaced relative to their actual surface location and may even appear discontinuous.
vertical limb anticline syncline Left limb of anticline
