Islam “Submission” Muslim “Those who submit”

1. Islam“Submission” Muslim“Those who submit”

3. Byzantines and Sassanids 4th through early 7th centuries CE • Extensive trade along the Silk Road • Parthia: 247 BCE -224 CE • Sassanids: 224-640 CE

6. Islam • Strong, self-confident faith • Tolerated Diversity • Promoted egalitarianism • Influenced by Persian, Greek, Roman and Jewish cultures • Arabic as lingua franca: Spain to India Crescent = Progress Star = Light & Knowledge Green = color of Islam Tunisia Pakistan Mauritania Algeria

7. Prophet and Statesman: Muhammed • 570-632 • His life and teachings are in: Quran and hadith (“tradition”) literature • These two together are called the Shariah • Political & Religious rule closely associated

8. His message came out of and addressed 7th century Arabia • A religious, political and military leader of a community-state • Muslims look to his example for guidance in all aspects of life courses.wcupa.edu/jones/ his311/lectures/..%5C..

9. Muhammed’s Early Life • Orphaned as a child • Raised by his Uncle, Abu Talib, a respected tribal leader who protected Muhammed and his followers • Muhammed managed trade caravans for Khadija whom he married

10. Muhammed as Prophet • Known for trustworthiness and reflective nature • Would retreat to a hilltop in the desert • 610 - “Night of Power and Excellence” called to be prophet of God and later leader of the Muslim state • Heard a voice commanding him to “recite” (Angel Gabriel / mediator) • Received revelations for 22 years until his death in 632 • Later compiled into the Quran

11. Muhammed’s Challenge • Muhammed’s message challenged the order of the day • Called for social justice for the poor and women, children and orphans • Based on belief in one god rather than in loyalty to tribes • Kaaba had been a place of annual pilgrimmage and festival for polytheistic tribes • Loss of revenue for tribal leaders

12. The Hijra • After 10 years in Mecca, went to Medina (“hijra”) due to persecution (622 CE) • Muslim calendar begins with this event • Islam goes from religious to political system as well • In Medina, 1st community-state was founded, led by Muhammed himself for 10 years

13. From Medina to success in Mecca • Created the Charter of Medina: rights & duties of all citizens • Recognizes people of the book / tolerance in return for loyalty and poll tax • Muslims and Jews continued to exist in Medina

14. Mecca • Truce in 628 between Muhammed and Meccans • Muslims won right to pilgrimmage at Mecca • Muslim rule consolidated over the rest of Arabia through diplomacy and military battles • 632 Muhammed died

15. Quran as Sculptured Design

17. Abu Bakr - 1st Caliph • Father-in-law (Aisha) • Ordered revelations into a book • Died 634

18. Umar I - 2nd Caliph • 636 – Damascus • 637 – Sasanid Empire & Iraq • 638 –Jerusalem • 641-643 – Egypt and Tripoli • 644 - Assassinated

19. Uthman - 3rd Caliph Uthman’s tomb • Assassinated in 656 / Buried in Medina • 656-661: Ali supported by Shi’a /Shi’ites • Believed Muhammed’s successors should be related to him • Religious purity emphasized • 661 - Ali was assassinated • Was and is considered a martyr

20. 4th & 5th Umayyad Caliphs • 4th Caliph: Mu’awiya (Umayyad Family) • Moved the capital to Damascus • 5th Caliph Yazid I (Umayyad Family) • Ali’s son Husayn died tried to take power from Yazid causing civil war • Husayn died /2nd martyr for Shi’as / Tomb: Karbala

28. Islamic Spain • Muslim Kingdoms in Spain: 8th-16th centuries • Revitalized Mediterranean trade • Culture flourished: • Christians,Jews and Muslims lived in Spain • Classical writings entered Europe through Spain

29. Mezquita / Cordoba Mosque

31. Abbasids 762-1258 • Descended from Muhammad’s Uncle • Revolted against Umayyads • Shi’as and non-Arabs supported them • Protested high taxes

32. Abbasids 762-1258 CE • “Golden Age”of commerce, architecture, arts, scholarship • The 1st 100 years: relative peace and stability

33. Baghdad on Tigris River • Trade via river to and from the Persian Gulf • Baghdad on the Silk Road Trade Route • Goods and ideas exchanged from one end of the world to the other

34. Abbasids • Allowed non-Arabs into governmental administration • Nestorian Christians, Jews, Shi’as had prominent roles • Good relations with local authorities • Rotated officers • Regulated taxes

35. Abbasids in Decline • 9th & 11th centuries : revolts in Iran, Egypt, Afghanistan, India, Central Asia, Turkey and North Africa led to regional rule • Tang expansion pushed Seljuk Turks westward • Seljuk Turks became powerful as military mercenaries under the Abbasids

36. Seljuk Turks • 1055 - 1258: Seljuk Turks ruled Islamic territories • Called themselves “Sultans” (secular rulers) • Kept Abbasid Caliphs as religious rulers

37. 1071: Turks defeated the Byzantines in the Battle of Manzikert • Beginning point for Crusades

38. 1st Crusade: 1096-1099 • Captured Antioch, Edessa & Jerusalem • French Baldwin declared himself King of Jerusalem (r.1100-1118) • 1144 Muslims won Edessa back

39. 2nd Crusade: 1146-1148 • Holy Roman Emperor Conrad and King of France, Louis the VII attacked Damascus • Retreated to Europe in defeat • 1187- Saladin recaptured Jerusalem for Islam

40. 3rd Crusade: 1189-1192 • Richard the Lionheart of England and Saladin battle in Acre, Jaffa & Jerusalem • Ended with a peace treaty between the two

41. 4th Crusade: 1202-1204 • Sailed to Jerusalem • Attacked Constantinople against the direct orders of the Pope • Ended with Europeans defeated

42. Mongolian Empire

43. 1258 - Mongol ruler, Hulegu, executed the last Abbasid caliph

44. Delhi Sultanate • Freed slave soldiers created a new Muslim government in Ghazni, Afghanistan • Conquered Delhi in 1211 • After 1335, controlled entire subcontinent under five dynasties until 1526 • Granted Hindus religious tolerance as long as they accepted Islamic rule

45. The Mughal Empire 1556 - • 1556 - Beginning of the Mughal Empire in India • Established by Mongol and Turkish soldiers • Tolerance of Hindus as long as they accepted Islamic rule

46. Islam and Trade in Africa

47. Ottomans 1289-1923

48. Fight for Palestine • 1917 Balfour Declaration - • Britain’s support for limited Jewish settlement in Palestine following World War I (Britain was expected to take over Turkey) • Most Jews (not Reform Jews) supported this Zionist realization • 1947 United Nations decision to partition Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab areas / Jerusalem was to be a neutral, international zone

49. 1948 - Jews declared Israel an independent state • Arabs didn’t agree with partition and invaded Israel when British troops left • Attack was aided by Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Egypt • The first of many Arab-Israeli Wars • This particular war ended in 1949 with Israelis gaining more territory than they would have had granted by the United Nations

50. 1967 - Israel launched a pre-emptive strike against Palestine: “Six-Day War” • 1973 - Egypt and Syria conducted a surprise attack on Israel, but were stopped