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LXX

LXX. I. Benefits of Babylonian Captivity. Unintended Benefits of Babylon. One of most important: Septuagint (LXX) – Gk . translation of Hebrew OT. Synagogue Cure for idolatry Canon Remnant. I. Benefits of Babylonian Captivity. II. Between The Testaments. That blank page…. Mt.1:11-12

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LXX

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  1. LXX

  2. I. Benefits of Babylonian Captivity

  3. Unintended Benefits of Babylon One of most important: Septuagint (LXX) – Gk. translation of Hebrew OT Synagogue Cure for idolatry Canon Remnant

  4. I. Benefits of Babylonian Captivity II. Between The Testaments

  5. That blank page… Mt.1:11-12 Dn.7:6; 8:3-8, 20-22; 11:3ff Ga.4:4

  6. I. Benefits of Babylonian Captivity II. Between The Testaments III. Alexander

  7. Most conquerors have little timefor ‘finer things’ “Convinced of the superiority of Greek institutions, Alexander spread Hellen-ism so effectively that it continued to be the dominant pattern of life long after his death and the disintegration of his kingdom” – Pfeiffer, OT History Alexander’s chief gift to us:Greek NT and LXX

  8. Hellenistic Greek Began w. Alexander’s troops who came from all regions of Greece; troops pro-duceda leveling influence Became second language of conquered peoples after Alexander’s victories Lingua franca – hybrid language

  9. Koinē: common From 330 BC to AD 330 Koinēwas at its peak in 1st Cen. BC and 1st Cen. AD Rome’s policy of assimilation allowed Greek to continue to penetrate distant lands – a universal language until at least the end of 1st Century Greek became simpler

  10. I. Benefits of Babylonian Captivity II. Between The Testaments III. Alexander IV. The LXX

  11. Why a Greek OT? Autographs are actuallyinspired; good copies, virtuallyinspired Jews in Egypt spoke Greek, not Hebrew Letter of Aristeas: 70 (72) Jewish scholars, Alexandria, Egypt Pentateuch: about 285 BC Ac.2:38 (2:5-11, accurate translations)

  12. Jews: became alienated from LXX Made new translations: Aquila; Theodo-tion; Symmachus(all in 2nd Century AD) One reason: Is.7:14, virgin=Jesus (given by Jewish translators!)

  13. Why is LXX important? 1 Pt.2:7 LXX 1 Pt.2:8 MT • First translation of Scriptures. Koinē • LXX: 1000 yrs. older than Hb. MSS • Majority of NT writers quote LXX (approved example of quoting a translation to establish God’s will)

  14. Why is LXX important? Dt.21:23, LXX Perfect tense Ga.3:13 (LXX) Past tense First translation of Scriptures. Koinē LXX: 1000 yrs. older than Hb. MSS Majority of NT writers quote LXX Influenced NT (content; vocabulary)

  15. LXX influenced NT incontent & vocabulary • Augustus and Tiberius scorned the title “Lord”; it contradicted Roman concep-tion of the empire as a republic • LXX: “Lord” 6000+ times of JHVH • NT: In reign of Nero (Ac.25:26) “Lord” increases in frequency in NT as title of Jesus (cf. Ph.2:9, 11)

  16. LXX Books Quoted in NT

  17. Why is LXX important? • First translation of Scriptures. Koinē • LXX: 1000 yrs. older than Hb. MSS • Majority of NT writers quote LXX • Influenced NT (content; vocabulary) • Influenced Vulgate . . . English Bibles • Helped evangelize world • God-fearers: OT in own language • Ac.8:32-33, LXX • Eusebius: God’s providence…

  18. Why is LXX important? First translation of Scriptures. Koinē LXX: 1000 yrs. older than Hb. MSS Majority of NT writers quote LXX Influenced NT (content; vocabulary) Influenced Vulgate Helped evangelize world Clarifies many NT words. “Church” Clarifies many OT passages

  19. LXX clarifies OT Passages • Gn.3:15, seed of woman • LXX: He, not it • Is.7:14, virgin= Mt.1:23 • Dt.32:43 (quoted in Hb.1:6) • Let all the angels of God worship Him • Lost from Hebrew OT; in LXX / DSS

  20. I. Benefits of Babylonian Captivity II. Between The Testaments III. Alexander IV. The LXX V. How Accurate Is LXX Text?

  21. Oldest copies of LXX: 4th Century AD • Quotations from ancient writers that predate these MSS by 250 years! • E.g.: Clement of Rome (AD 95): • 1. Quotes entire text of Is.53 • 2. Quotes Ps.22:6-8 • Amazing accuracy Alfred Rahlfs: no reason to assume the text of that period was not in general agreement w. present day LXX text. Why???

  22. NT Documents Cited By: Clement(95) Mt., Mk., Lk. Romans 1 Co. Eph. 1 Tim. Titus Heb. James 1 Pt. Ignatius(107) Every book of NT except 2 Th. and 2 Jn. Polycarp(110) Every book of NT except 1 Th. Titus James 2 Pt. 2-3 Jn. Jd. Rv.

  23. I. Benefits of Babylonian Captivity II. Between The Testaments III. Alexander IV. The LXX V. How Accurate Is LXX Text? VI. When Was LXX Translated?

  24. Some assert:no LXX before 3rd Century A.D. “LXX was hoax created by Alexandrian cult in 3rd Century AD to subvert belief in integrity of the Bible” These assertions oppose both ancient and modern facts; burden of proof rests on them

  25. Dating the LXX: the evidence • Jewish writers • Letter of Aristeas(between 150-100 BC) • Ben-Sirach Prologue (Ecclesiasticus): about 185 BC by Jesus Ben Sirach; translated into Gk. about 132 BC

  26. Dating the LXX: the evidence • Jewish writers • Letter of Aristeas(between 150-100 BC) • Ben-Sirach Prologue (Ecclesiasticus • Philo of Alexandria (20 BC-AD 45) • Josephus (AD 36-100)

  27. Dating the LXX: the evidence • Jewish writers • Apostolic writers • From AD 95 to early decade in 2nd Century AD; many quotations, allu-sions, references to OT, all in Greek • These quotations show close likeness to LXX known to us today

  28. Dating the LXX: the evidence • Jewish writers • Apostolic writers • Clement of Rome: Letter to Corinth • Chap.16 quotes Isa.53; very accurate

  29. Dating the LXX: the evidence • Jewish writers • Apostolic writers • Clement of Rome: Letter to Corinth • Irenaeus (died AD 203): defends LXX translation of Is.7:14 • Clement of Alexandria (died 215): speaks of LXX as past fact

  30. Dating the LXX: the evidence • Jewish writers • Apostolic writers • Ancient versions • Jewish revisions of LXX: Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion • Old Latin: translation of LXX, Carthage, 2nd Century AD

  31. Dating the LXX: the evidence • Jewish writers • Apostolic writers • Ancient versions • Early manuscripts • Ten papyri MSS dating from 2nd Cen. BC to early 1st Cen. AD

  32. “The translation of the Seventy dissenteth from the Original in many places, neither doth it come near it, for perspicuity, gravity, majesty; yet which of the Apostles did condemn it? Condemn it? Nay, they used it, (as it is apparent, and as Saint Jerome and most learned men do confess) which they would not have done, nor by their example of using it, so grace and commend it to the Church, if it had been un-worthy of the appel-lationand name of the word of God”– KJV Translators

  33. LXX Conclusions No evidence of 3rd Century AD date 1st – 3rd Cen. disciples were overwhel-mingly Greek-speakers; they needed gospel in their own language There is no perfectly preserved Gk. version Christ & apostles quoted it as authoritative

  34. Not to mention…ancient versions Latin Syriac Gothic Many Old English versions

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