Module 2 Translation Skills Unit 5 Interpretation Skills Skill 1: Memory Training

1. Module 2 Translation Skills Unit 5Interpretation Skills Skill 1: Memory Training

2. Types of memory • Short-term memory is a limited capacity store that can maintain information for about twenty to thirty seconds • Long-term memory may last for weeks, months, or perhaps an entire lifetime.

3. Types of memory • Verbal memory/ hearing memory is equal to man’s capacity of memorizing 7-8 words in a few seconds. (can only be retained for a short term) • Non-verbal memory is to memorize the message of a discourse rather than words. (can last longer)

4. Psychological studies on Memory • Studies of memory have shown that the more ‘meaningful’ the information, the shorter it takes for it to be committed to memory and easier it is to remember. Therefore, in the course of interpreting, the interpreter has to grasp the meaning rather than focus on words.

5. Psychological studies on Memory • It is much more difficult to memorize a cluster of words without any sense than a meaningful sentence/utterance. • The more we are familiar with the subject, the easier it is for us both to comprehend and keep in mind.

6. Encoding Stages of memory Decoding Retrieval

7. Stages of Memory • Encoding: to put (a message, for example) into code that can be understood or memorize. • Storage: store information into brain (provisional/ temporary model) • Retrieval: get back the information from the storage.

8. Forgetting • Forgetting may mean the material was never encoded; it may mean the information was not stored (unavailable); or it may reflect retrieval difficulties (inaccessible). The task in this course is to help you find ways to construct retrieval cues so that you can get back the information back when needed.

9. Memory Training 记忆训练方式 • “影子”练习/跟读练习(shadowing)： 一边听中文或者英文的各种新闻、演讲、会议资料等录音或者广播，一边跟着说，并用同种语言重复听到的内容。该类练习训练学生一心多用及边听、边记、边说的能力。

10. Memory Training 记忆训练方式 • 内容复述 (paraphrasing): 这种方法是国际上各类翻译学校普遍采用的方法,不仅帮助学生提高理解能力,也可为口译的表达做准备。可以采用声像资料,也可以请其他学生扮成讲话者,讲述一段小故事,或者就校内外、国内外的热点问题发表自己的看法,然后让其他学生用原语将所听到的内容用自己的话讲述出来。

11. Memory Training 记忆训练方式 • 概括练习(outlining): 根据Gile的翻译理论,语篇分析(discourse analysis)有助于译员对话语的理解和交际的成功,因而以帮助训练者抓大意,把握信息线路,摆脱原文语言束缚为主要目的的语篇分析和概括练习是理解训练中非常重要的一环,它会为口译实践奠定牢固的基础。在练习中,可以选用一段材料,听或阅读之后用原语或目的语表述段落大意。

12. Memory Training 记忆训练方式 • 逻辑整理训练(logic ordering)：该练习的目的在于训练逻辑思维能力。听一些不连贯的或颠倒次序的语言材料，听完之后重新整理成主题明确的语义连贯的语言材料，而且根据重新组织的内容进行复述。

13. How to improve our memory 位置记忆法 分类记忆法 combination 感观记忆法 图示法

14. Study resources • http://www.listeningexpress.com/downpage.aspx • 普特听力 • Crazy English • 新概念英语 • 其他英语教材

15. Practice • 九寨沟位于我国四川省境内，是一片纵深达35公里的自然风景区。风景区内那终年积雪的山峰、苍翠繁茂的森林、宁静悠远的湖泊、各种各样的珍禽奇兽，这些都构成了九寨沟风景区的独特风貌。 • 九寨沟是水的天地，九寨沟的水是人间最清澈的水，水构成了九寨沟最富魅力的景色，是九寨沟的灵魂。无论是宁静的湖泊还是飞泻的瀑布，都是那么的神奇迷人，令游人流连忘返。 ――一幅美丽的中国山水画

16. 九寨沟风景图

17. Practice • 我要谈谈X市的道路交通事故的统计数字。1982至1997年间交通事故的总数有大幅的波动。我们来看看这个图表，1982年交通事故总计36万起，1997年跌至31.3万起，比1982年减少了4.7万起。在这期间，交通状况最好的数1984年，交通事故保持在33.2万起。而此后的几年间统计数字又有所上升，其中1988年接近最高值，36万起。我们可以看到从1982至1992年，交通事故总体呈稳步下降趋势。

18. Practice 女士们，先生们： • 在我开始谈及这次发言的研究工作之前，我首先要感谢尊敬的主席先生，他为方便我的论文宣读给予了精心的安排。我特别要感谢他能在百忙中亲自会见我，并对我的研究课题提出了有价值的指导意见。同时，我还要感谢我们慷慨的东道主——全国青年交叉科学研究社，为我们大家提供了这样愉快的气氛，使我们有机会会面交谈、交流思想、分享新的研究成果。

19. Interpretation • Ladies and gentlemen! Before I turn to the research subject of my talk, I would first of all express my gratitude to our beloved /respectable/ respected Mr. Chairman for his careful arrangement for the convenience of my paper presentation. I am particularly grateful to him for his meeting me in person, out of his heavy program, and giving me his valuable instructions in my deliberations. I also would like to thank our generous host—the National Youth Society for Interdisciplinary Sciences, for providing such a pleasant atmosphere for us to meet, exchange views and share thoughts and new findings.

20. 我们中国是一个有古老文化的民族，但是如果从经济上来看嘛，也还是个发展中的国家。目前，我们国家的人民已经开始了一次新的长征，我们决心在本世纪末，把我们国家建成一个现代化的国家。我们中国是一个有古老文化的民族，但是如果从经济上来看嘛，也还是个发展中的国家。目前，我们国家的人民已经开始了一次新的长征，我们决心在本世纪末，把我们国家建成一个现代化的国家。 • Ours is a nation with an ancient culture, but economically it is a developing country. At present, our people are embarking on a new “Long March” with a determination to build China into a modern nation by the turn of this century.

21. 最后，我们还要再次感谢梅拉得先生，他给我们作了一个内容十分丰富的报告。在短短的一个半小时内，他的报告涉及科学领域、技术领域、工业领域以及文学领域。我们每一个人都受益匪浅。最后，我们还要再次感谢梅拉得先生，他给我们作了一个内容十分丰富的报告。在短短的一个半小时内，他的报告涉及科学领域、技术领域、工业领域以及文学领域。我们每一个人都受益匪浅。

22. Interpretation • Finally, we would like to thank Mr. Maillard again for his very informative talk. Within the short space of an hour and a half, he has covered the field of science, technology, industry, art, literature and other aspects. Every one of us has benefited a great deal from the talk.

23. Module 2 Translation Skills Unit 5Interpretation Skills Skill 1: Memory Training Module 2 Translation Skills Unit 5Interpretation Skills Skill 2: Note-Taking Note-taking Note-taking Module 6 Session 1

24. Importance of taking notes • Notes compensate for weaknesses in other areas, such as poor memory and deficient extra-linguistic knowledge.

25. Purpose of taking notes in interpretation • To supplement memory efficiently

26. Features of notes in interpretation • Individual in character • Every interpreter has to develop a message-carrying /note-taking symbols by their own.

27. Reasons • Human beings differ in way of thinking. • Some have the ability to remember details. • Others are good at recollecting the sequence of idea.

28. 笔记内容 • 能帮助准确而少遗漏地将需要翻译的谈话内容记住的关键词和词语 • 听过以后容易遗忘的数字、年份及其专有名词 • 表述内容的前因后果，提示承上启下逻辑关系的关联词 • 双方交流中使用的精彩词、句和短语。

29. 笔记格式 笔记服务于快速解读的目的。因此，必须： • 字数少，行数多，每行的间距稍大，便于眼睛迅速捕捉，一目数行。 • 字少意多，寥寥几字提示完整的意思，尽量使用缩略语或者简单的标记。 • 字迹清楚，易于辨认。 • 采用阶梯式的斜竖记录方式，比常用的横记书写方式更能体现逻辑关系。 • 以”/”区分句子之间的层次，双斜线“//”区别段落之间的层次。 • 记单面。 • 使用自身认为最易于识别、最方便的语言（目的语或原语）。

30. Useful Signs and Acronyms

34. Misunderstandings • Drawing: it may take longer to draw than it does to write a simple abbreviation

35. Shorthand • Shorthand notes will slow down the whole process of interpretation since it takes time to decipher them • Shorthand notes will lead to word-for-word interpretation, since they are automatically taken in the source language without any effort to translate or analyse. • Shorthand notes will become unnecessary burden on interpreters and make the work more complicated.

36. Text • 全国人民代表大会是中国的最高权力机关,行使立法权,任免权,决定权和监督权;国家主席是中国的元首,对内代表国家,对外代表政府,行使全国人大及其常务委员会赋予他的职权;国务院是中国的最高行政机关,它在全国人大授权之下行使行政权力;中央军事委员会是中国的最高军事领导机关,领导全国的武装力量;最高人民法院是中国的最高审判机关;最高人民检察院是中国的最高检察机关,与最高人民法院互相配合行使中国的司法权。

37. Practice 1: Sample note • 人大 zg q j / 立法, 任免, 决定, 监督权// • 主席 元首 内—国 外—政 xsh人大 常委给予q; • 国务院 zg 行政 j, 人大 授q xsh 行政q; • 中军委 zg 军领 j， 领 (国) 武装力; • zg法院 zg　审判 j • zg检 zg ～j， 与法配 xshi 司法q

38. Practice 2 • For such was her extraordinary appeal that tens of millions of people taking part in this service all over the world, via television and radio, who never actually met her, feel that they, too, lost someone close to them in the early hours of Sunday morning. It is a more remarkable tribute to Diana than I can ever hope to offer her today.

39. Interpretation • 全世界成千上万的人通过电视和收音机参加了戴安娜王妃的葬礼,这正是她杰出的魅力所在。这些人从未见过她,却感到他们也在星期天的凌晨失去了一个亲近的人。这对戴安娜来说,是比我所希望表达的更为深刻和诚挚的赞颂。

40. Practice: note-taking China becomes the world’s biggest steel producer • China overtook America and Japan in 1996 to become the world’s biggest steel producer: its output of 100 million tones was more than 50% higher than in 1990.South Korea, now number six in the world, saw an even bigger gain of 68%. In contrast, Russia’s steel production has slumped by 45% over the same period.

41. 中国成为世界上最大的产钢国 • 1996年中国的钢产量超过了美国和日本，成为世界上最大的产钢国：全年一亿吨的钢产量比1990年的增加了50％有余。韩国现在钢产量在世界上排名第六，同期它的增长幅度更快，达到68％。相反，俄罗斯的钢产量同期却下跌了45％。

42. Interpretation —Numbers Module 6 Session 1

43. Introduction to the Numbers • Cardinal numbers • 目的：了解数字的表达特点、熟悉中英文数字的表达差异；如英语采用的是国际通用的三位数字分级法，而中文采用 的是四位数字分级法。 • seventy eight million one hundred and twenty-three thousand two hundred seventy six • 78,123,276 • 7812,3276 • 七千八百一十二万三千二百七十六

44. Numerous-digit numbers • One thousand (1,000)一千 • Ten thousand (10,000)一万 • One hundred thousand (100,000)十万 • One thousand thousand=one million (1,000,000)一百万 • Ten million(10,000,000)一千万 • One hundred million (100,000,000)一亿 • One thousand million (1,000,000,000)=one billion十亿 • Ten billion（10,000,000）一百亿 • One hundred billion (100,000,000)一千亿 • One thousand billion=trillion (1,000,000,000)一万亿

45. Practice 1 • 189,354 • 98,789,002 • 3,433,005,222

46. ½ a half; 1/3 a third; ¼ a quarter; 1/8 one eighth; 2/3 two thirds; 3/100 three hundreds Fractions

47. Decimals • 45.67 forty five point six seven • Percentages

48. Trends • Upward movement: rise/increase/climb/jump • Downward movement: fall/drop/decline/decrease • Decrease/increase/rise/group/go up/step up/multiply to X times • Decrease/increase/rise/group/go up/step up/multiply by X times • Decrease/increase/rise/group/go up/step up/multiply by a factor of X • Decrease/increase/rise/group/go up/step up/multiply X times • Decrease/increase/rise/group/go up/step up/multiply X folds • A is X times as great/long/much/small/light/slow…as B • A is X times longer/more/shorter/less…than B • A is X times the size/length/amount…of B

49. Practice 2 • Prices have risen steadily during the past decade. • 过去十年间物价一直在上涨。 • The rise in the house rent has added to our difficulties. • 房租涨价增加了我们的困难。 • My wages have increased this year. • 我的工资今年增加了。 • His employer has increased his wages. • 他的雇主增加了他的工资。 • Increase in population made birth control necessary. • 人口的增长使节制生育成为必要。

50. Oil prices jumped sharply. • 油价突然上涨。 • The price of oil jumped sharply in 1973. • 一九七三年石油价格暴涨。 • Gold prices on Western markets jumped. • 西方市场上的黄金价格暴涨。 • There has been a fall in the price of food. • 食品的价格有所下跌。 • The car dropped its speed by five kilometres an hour. • 汽车每小时把速度降低五公里。 • The price of 21 inches TV set declined from 1000 to625 yuan each. • 21英寸的电视机每台从1000元降到625元。 • The number of children in the school has decreased this year. • 今年在校的儿童人数减少了。 • There was a decrease in the number of children in school. • 在校的儿童人数有所减少。