Unit 13: The Renaissance

1. Unit 13: The Renaissance Do-Now: What was “reborn” during the Renaissance?

2. The Renaissance Western Europe emerged from the Middle Ages during an era known as the Renaissance From 1300 to 1600, Western Europe experienced a “rebirth” in trade, learning, & Greco-Roman ideas During the Renaissance, Europeans developed new ideas in art, gov’t, & human potential The Renaissance marked the beginning of the “modern era”

3. What changed during the Middle Ages that gave rise to the Renaissance? Trade & Cities? Government? Religion? Human Potential? Trade & Cities?

4. What was trade like during the Middle Ages?

5. What were things like in the Renaissance?

6. The Crusades increased European demand for luxury goods from China, India, and Middle East Italian merchants began meeting the demand for trade in Europe

7. As a result, Italian city-states & a wealthy middle class began to form in Italy The most dominant Italian city was Florence, where wealth from trade sparked the Renaissance A new middle class of bankers, merchants, & skilled craftsmen gained lots of power The Medici family were wealthy bankers who used their wealth to turn Florence into Italy’s most artistic city

8. What changed during the Middle Ages that gave rise to the Renaissance? Trade & Cities? Government? Religion? Human Potential? Government?

9. What was government like in the Middle Ages?

10. What was government like in the Renaissance?

11. Kings were able to tax merchants & use their wealth to build armies & strong nations which hurt the power of the feudal lords From 1337 to 1453, England & France began a conflictcalled the Hundred Years War • During the war, nationalism increased as people became loyal to their king & nation, rather than their lord

12. What changed during the Middle Ages that gave rise to the Renaissance? Trade & Cities? Government? Religion? Human Potential? Religion?

13. What was religion like in the Middle Ages?

14. What was religion like during the Renaissance?

15. In the late Middle Ages, the Pope & the Catholic Church lost some of its influence as a result of the losses to Muslim armies during the Crusades Despite having less influence, the Catholic Church was still an important part of people’s lives & the pope remained important

16. What changed during the Middle Ages that gave rise to the Renaissance? Trade & Cities? Government? Religion? Human Potential? Human Potential?

17. What were common people expected to do during the Middle Ages?

18. What was expected of people during the Renaissance?

19. During the Middle Ages, peasants did not own land & had no options other than remaining loyal to a feudal lord & work within the manorial system

20. The rise of trade during the Renaissance gave people options to leave the manor & move to cities to serve as merchants or skilled artisans

21. During the Renaissance, people had more options than ever before which led to a belief that people can accomplish anything

22. Individuals became the center of attention during the Renaissance Social status was based on wealth & ability, not birthright A new way of thinking began during the Renaissance called Humanism • Humanism stressed the individual and the potential of individual will and genius • Humanists studied the “classical” ideas of Greece & Rome & believed that education could make the world a better place

23. Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)— The “Father of Humanism” • Considered the first modern writer. In his writings, literature was no longer subordinate to religion. • Secular focus – a concern with materialism rather than religion. • Claimed that the Middle Ages (the period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of the Renaissance) were the “Dark Ages” • He was perhaps the first to use critical textual analysis to ancient texts. Especially influenced by Cicero. • Wrote his famous poetry in the Italian vernacular (as • did Dante earlier in his Divine Comedy).

24. 9R – Do-Now Take out and read Castliglione’sBook of the Courtier Answer the questions that follow.

25. Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529) – The Book of the Courtier (1528) • Perhaps most important work on Renaissance Education • Specified qualities necessary to be a true gentleman • including physical and intellectual abilities and leading an active life • Rejected crude contemporary social habits (e.g. spitting on the floor, eating without utensils, wiping one’s nose with one’s sleeve, etc.)

26. Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) - The Prince (1513) • Observed the political leadership of Cesare Borgia • who had ambitions of uniting Italy under his control • Stated that politically, “the end justifies the means” • Stated that for rulers, “it was better to be feared than to be loved” • Rulers had to be practical and cunning, in addition to being aggressive and ruthless • At times rulers should behave like a lion (aggressive and powerful) and at other times like a fox (cunning and practical)

27. “Renaissance Man” & “Renaissance Women” • The “ideal man” was well educated, smart, can dance, write poetry, & play music; (called a “Renaissance Man”) • Virtú – civic duty to use wealth to beautify surroundings and city-state The “ideal woman” should have the same qualities as men but should not seek fame or political power (Renaissance women were better educated but had fewer rights than medieval women. Use knowledge to run household)

28. Closure Activity: Visual Metaphor • On your notes, complete the visual metaphor 6. 5. 7. 4. 1. 3. 2.

30. The revival of trade in Europe helped bring an end to the Middle Ages & gave rise to the Renaissance The rise of cities brought artists together which led to new techniques & styles of art Increased trade gave rise to Italian city-states & a wealthy middle class of bankers & merchants Wealthy bankers & merchants wanted to show off their new status by commissioning art

31. The most important Italian city-state was Florence; In this wealthy trade city, the Renaissance began Florence was home to the Medici family, the wealthiest & most powerful bankers in Europe The Medici used their wealth to commission art for themselves & to beautify Florence

32. Florence under the Medici Lorenzo Guiliano Cosimo The Medici paid to build a massive domed cathedral for Florence engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi Medici Chapel Lorenzo de Medici commissioned this painting from Botticelli of the Medici brothers as the three magi The Medici Palace

33. New styles & techniques of Renaissance art • Realism & emotion • Classicism: inspiration from Greece & Rome • Emphasis on individuals & interaction between people • Geometric arrangements • Perspective – della Francesca, Massaccio • Using light & shadows Sfumato The first nude paintings & sculptures since the Romans Chiaroscuro Greek Renaissance

34. Renaissance Artists

35. Donatello • Donatello was the 1st great sculptor of the Renaissance • Donatello revived the classical (Greco-Roman) style of sculpture that were realistic & could be viewed from all sides • Donatello’s “David” was the 1st large, free-standing human sculpture of the Renaissance

36. Michelangelo • Michelangelo was one of the most famous Renaissance artists: • He was a painter, sculptor, architect, & poet • His sculptures & paintings showed realism, detail of the human body, & expression to show personality & emotion

37. Michelangelo sculptures “Pieta”& “David” are considered masterpieces

38. Michelangelo’s greatest work is the 130 ft x 44 ft ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which shows Biblical images of amazing detail, power, & beauty

40. Leonardo da Vinci • Leonardo da Vinci was a true “Renaissance Man” • He was a painter & sculptor whose art was known for incredible realism & emotion • He was also an inventor & scientist whose sketches reveal observations about human anatomy & new engineering technology

41. His “Last Supper” shows Jesus’ last meeting with the 12 apostles before the crucifixion; the facial expressions, detail, emotion made it a masterpiece

42. Leonardo da Vinci’s greatest masterpiece was the “Mona Lisa” which was known for its emotion & depth

43. Leonardo’s Inventions

45. Raphael • Raphael “perfected” Renaissance painting • He improved perspective and realism by studying Leonardo & Michelangelo • Raphael became the favorite painter of the Pope because of his amazing detailed paintings showing a combination of famous Greeks & Romans along with Renaissance people

46. Raphael’s greatest painting was “School of Athens” which blended Classical figures from Greece & Rome with important people from the Renaissance Plato (drawn to look like Da Vinci) Aristotle Raphael Pythagoras Michelangelo Euclid

47. Raphael’s “Betrothal of the Virgin”

49. Filippo Brunelleschi • Brunelleschi was Florence’s greatest architect: • He studied the Roman Pantheon when he built the Cuppolo of Maria del Fiore cathedral in Florence • The dome inspired modern building designs

50. Dome Comparisons US Capital, Washington, D.C. St. Peter’s, Rome St. Paul’s, London Il Duomo, Florence