Classical Greece

1. In-depth look at Classical Greece Chapter Objective: Study the history and culture of classical Greece and analyze its impact On the modern world.

2. Section 1 Objectives • Identify the ways geography and climate shaped Greek Life. • Explain the rise and development of Mycenaean civilization. • Describe how Homer and Greek myths contributed to early Greek culture.

3. Setting the Stage Greece was not always a unified country but was rather a collection of separate societies. The largest society was that of the Minoans who lived on the large island of Crete- until people from all around the Mediterranean began to migrate and settle in mainland Greece (inland).

5. Geography of Greece • It’s a mountainous peninsula {piece of land that juts out onto a body of water} surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea • Also Includes 2,000 islands in the Aegean and Ionian Seas • Also included lands on the eastern edge of the Aegean Sea

6. How did the Sea shape Greek Culture What do you think then is the EFFECT of each of these causes? CAUSES Greeks rarely had to travel more than 85 miles to reach the coastline Sea Greeks lacked natural resources like timber, metal, and usable farmland that was found on their own land

7. How did the Sea shape Greek Culture What do you think then is the EFFECT of each of these causes? CAUSES Greeks became skilled sailors Greeks rarely had to travel more than 85 miles to reach the coastline Sea Greeks lacked natural resources like timber, metal, and usable farmland that was found on their own land The sea became a link to other societies and allowed them to trade for the resources they needed

8. How did the land shape Greek Culture What do you think then is the EFFECT of each of these causes? CAUSES Rugged mountains covered 3/4th of Greece and divided the land into different regions Land Uneven terrain made land transportation difficult. Only a small part, 1/4th of the land was arable, or fertile for farming. Difficulties of the land made it hard to support a life of luxury

9. How did the land shape Greek Culture What do you think then is the EFFECT of each of these causes? CAUSES Rugged mountains covered 3/4th of Greece and divided the land into different regions Instead of a single government, they developed small independent communities. Land Little roads existed hat could connect different communities. Made them isolated. Uneven terrain made land transportation difficult. Only a small part, 1/4th of the land was arable, or fertile for farming. Could not support large populations Motivated Greeks to seek new sites for colonies. Difficulties of the land made it hard to support a life of luxury

10. How did the climate shape Greek Culture What do you think then is the EFFECT of each of these causes? CAUSES Greece had a varied climate from winter to summer Climate

11. How did the climate shape Greek Culture What do you think then is the EFFECT of each of these causes? CAUSES Greece had a varied climate from winter to summer Allowed for an outdoor life and men spent much of their time at outdoor public event Climate

12. Mycenaean Civilization Develop • Mycenaeanswere Indo-European immigrants who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C. that comes from the name of their leading city Mycenae. • Mycenae was located in Southern-Greece on a rocky ridge with a protective wall 20 feet thick. • A warrior-king to rule the surrounding villages and farms. • These kings dominated from about 1600 to 1100 B.C.

13. Contact with Minoans • Either through trade or war the Mycenaean’s came into with the Minoans. • What did they learn from them? • They showed the Mycenaean’s the value of seaborne trade. • They started to sail through the eastern Mediterranean making stops at the Algerian islands, costal Anatolia and the ports of Syria, Egypt, Italy, and Crete. • They adapted the Minoan writing system to the Greek language • Decorated vases with Minoan designs • Formed core of Greek religious practice

14. The Trojan War • During the 1200’s B.C. the Mycenaean’s fought a ten-year war against Troy, a trading city located in Anatolia known as the Trojan Wars • They did so by sneaking in a giant wooden horse and attacking the city while they were asleep. This story was believed to be completely fictional until a new archaeological discovery in the 1870’s found evidence that these stories may have been based off of real battles and people. Legend says that a Greek army besieged and attacked Troy because a Trojan prince had kidnapped Helen, the beautiful wife of a Greek king.

15. Dorians Enter! • Around 1200 B.C. the Mycenaean civilization collapsed when sea raiders attacked and burned it down…a new group called the Dorians moved into the area and they spoke a dialect of Greek • They were not as advanced • Economy and trade collapsed under their rule • Temporarily lost the art of writing : no written record exists from 1150 to 750 B.C. (400 years)

16. Epics of Homer • Because they lacked written records, they turned towards learning history through the spoken word that was passed on from generation to generation • According to Greek tradition the greatest story teller was a blind man named Homer. • Little is known about his personal life • Historians believe that he wrote his epics, or narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds, between 750 and 700 B.C. • Ex: One of his greatest epic poems is called the Iliad that is based on the Trojan War • Heroes are the fierce Greek Achilles and courageous Hector of Troy who seeks to find the Greek ideal of arête meaning virtue or excellence. A Greek could display this ideal on the battle field as well as the athletic field.

17. The Odyssey • Is one of two major ancient Greek epic poemsattributed to Home. It is, in part, a sequel to the Iliad. • The poem mainly centers on the Greek hero Odysseusand his journey home after the fall of Troy in the Trojan Wars. It takes Odysseus ten years to reach his home of Ithaca. In his absence, it is assumed he has died, and his wife Penelope and son Telemachusmust deal with a group of unruly suitors, the Mnestereswho compete for Penelope's hand in marriage and overtake her home. Find & Watch the 1997 version of the movie!

18. In-depth look at The Odyssey: Talking to the Text • Step One: Hover over the text and just look over it entirely. Use a highlighter to highlight ALL the words that are new to you, you don’t understand, or seem hard or cool to you. • Step Two: share out the words from your list that you think you would absolutely need to know to understand the text • Must know words • Cool to know words • Step Three: How do you talk to a text? Can you understand a piece of reading without understanding all the words?

19. Greeks Create Myths • Greeks developed myths, or traditional stories about their Gods • Used them to make sense of the mysteries of nature (i.e. changing seasons) and the power of human passions • Attributed human qualities (i.e. love, hate) to Gods • Fought with each other constantly • Lived forever • Zeus was ruler of the Gods along with his wife Hera • Had a daughter named Athena who was goddess of wisdom and guardian of cities (city of Athens was named after her)

20. Section 2 Objectives • Identify the different political systems that developed in the Greek city-states. • Describe the government of Athens. • Explain how Athenian and Spartan governments differed. • Summarize the battles and results of the Persian wars.

21. Setting the Stage During the Dorian Period, two things started to change: • Dorians and Mycenaeans began to identify less with the culture of their ancestors but with the local area they lived in • Method of governing changed from tribal/clan control to more formal governments called city-states

22. Rule and Order in Greek City-States • By 750 B.C. the city-state, or polis was the fundamental political unit in ancient Greece. • It was made up of a city and its surrounding countryside which included numerous villages • controlled between 50 and 500 square miles of territory • contained fewer than 10,000 residents. • Citizens gathered at the acropolis (i.e. agora, marketplace, or fortified hilltop)to discuss matters of city politics.

23. Greek Political Structures

24. On page ___ of the IWHN, create the following table and take notes on Athens and Sparta using the book on pages 128-131 • Take notes on: • How their government was organized; who was the leader, how were they chosen, who could participate in government • How citizens received their education: who was allowed, what were they taught, at what age • The basis of their economy • Their social life: literature, religion, arts, sports • How people spent their daily lives • Whether they had social classes or not Page heading: Athens v. Sparta

25. Double Bubble: Athens vs. Sparta • Compare and contrast the two Greek city-states • You are expected to do MORE THAN three per side SPARTA ATHENS SIMILARITIES

26. The Persian Wars: 131-133 Page _____ of IWHN • Read the following pages of the book • As you read pay special attention to • words in blue (vocabulary words) • Paragraph headings: help to organize thinking • Maps and pictures on the sides: help to visualize information • Answer guided questions: • Do not have to be in complete sentences • Answers do have to be thorough: meaning with LOTS of details and explanations • Consider presenting your answers as graphic organizers [thinking maps] and lists [bullet points] • Consider using different color pens and highlighters

27. Section 3 Objectives • Identify the three goals of Pericles. • Describe Greek art and architecture. • Summarize the work of Greek dramatists and historians. • Explain the major conflicts in the Peloponnesian Wars. • Identify Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

28. Setting the Stage For about 50 years from 477 to 431 B.C., Athens experienced a growth in intellectual and artistic learning called the Golden Age of Athens.

29. Page _____ of IWHN Divide and Conquer • Section 3 has been divided into eight topics: • Pericles’ Plan for Athens • Glorious Art and Architecture • Drama and History • Athenians and Spartans go to War • Philosophers Search for Truth • Socrates • Plato • Aristotle • Depending on your table # will determine what topic you have • You must summarize your topic according to the guidelines given to you. • ONE person from your table must come up and present your topic to the class • As each team is presenting, you are all filling out your notes

30. Section 4 Objectives • Describe Philip’s conquest of Greece. • Explain how Alexander the Great defeated the Persian Empire. • Summarize Alexander’s conquests and their impact on future cultures.

31. Setting the Stage Peloponnesian War weakened Greek city-states militarily and economically. King Philip II, of nearby Macedonia [who considered themselves Greek too], wanted to: • control Greece • use it to invade Persia • avenge Persian invasion of Greece in 480 B.C.

32. Macedonia • Located north of Greece • Rough terrain; cold climate • Lived in mountain village not city-states • Did not have great philosophers, artists, or writers • But had fearless kings!

33. King Philip II • Became king in 359 B.C. @ 23 years old • Turned peasants into a well-trained and professional army • Organized them into phalanxes 16 men across and 16 men deep each armed with an 18 foot pike • Won against the Greece in his 338 B.C. invasion at the battle of Chaeronea and ended Greek independence • Never got the chance to invade Persia because he was stabbed to death by a former guardsmen at his daughter’s wedding. His son took over.

34. Alexander the Great • Took over @ 20 years old • Was a student of Aristotle: learned Science, geography, and literature • Inspired by Homer’s descriptions of Achilles in the Iliad • Learned how to be a soldier at a young age • When he became king, Greek city of Thebes revolted: he destroyed it, killed about 6000 and sold the rest to slavery • All other city-states gave up any idea of a rebellion

35. Invasion of Persia

36. Conquering the Persian Empire

37. Alexander’s Other Conquests • Alexander more interested in expanding his empire than governing it • Kept pursuing Darius east until he found him near the Caspian Sea murdered by one of his governors • For three years, he kept moving East across central Asia hoping to read the farthest edge of the continent • 326 B.C.: reached Indus River; fought off Indian army and marched 200 miles after • After 11 years, his soldiers had low morale, tired, and wanted to go home. Alexander agreed

38. 323 B.C. • Alexander returns to Babylon with plans to organize and unify his empire • Wanted to construct new cities, roads, harbors, and conquer Arabia • But he became ill with a fever and died a few days later at the age of 32 • His general fought for control and divided the empire: • Antigonus: became King of Macedonia and Greek-City states • Ptolemy: seized Egypt, became pharaoh and made a dynasty • Seleucus: took more of old Persian empire and it became the Seleucid Empire. • All governed with complete power over their subjects contrary to the democratic traditions of Greece

39. Section 5 Objectives • Describe Hellenistic Culture. • Identify the achievements of Hellenistic scholars. • Summarize the major philosophies and artistic styles of the Hellenistic period.

40. Setting the Stage During his military campaign, Alexander wanted to combined the culture of the Persian to his Greek culture. He adopted Persian dress and customs and married a Persian woman. He started new cities as administrative centers of Greek culture like Alexandria in Egypt. After his death, trade a shared Greek culture, and a common language kept the cities linked.

41. The Spread of Hellenistic Culture: 146-149 Page _____ of IWHN • Read the following pages of the book • As you read pay special attention to • words in blue (vocabulary words) • Paragraph headings: help to organize thinking • Maps and pictures on the sides: help to visualize information • Answer guided questions: • Do not have to be in complete sentences • Answers do have to be thorough: meaning with LOTS of details and explanations • Consider presenting your answers as graphic organizers [thinking maps] and lists [bullet points] • Consider using different color pens and highlighters

42. Draw this out in your notebook ON PAGE ____ OF IWHN and fill it out with everything we learned about the Greek Civilization. S.A.D CYCLE Greece Page title: SAD CYCLE: Greece • Make sure you include notes on all four categories: • Construction Projects • Advances in the Arts • Advances in the Sciences • Empire Building • Make sure you include notes on all three categories: • Government • Economy • Social Structure

43. Draw this out in your notebook ON PAGE ____ OF IWHN and fill it out with everything we learned about the Greek Civilization. CONFLICT Page title: CONFLICT: Greece

44. Themes COMPLETE THE TABLE on page ___ of the IWHN using what we studied Page title: THEMES: Greece #1 #2 #5 #3 #4