By: Mazahidul Islam Mohammed Rahman

1. Volcanoes By: Mazahidul Islam Mohammed Rahman

2. Problem • If a volcano erupted how could we be prepared for it?

3. Hypothesis • When the volcano erupts try to gather as much water as possible. or if you live on an island then you can build moats from the top of the volcano and into the water leading the lava into the sea.

4. Data • http://www.poetpatriot.com/timeline/tmlndisvolcanos.htm 2008 May 6Chile’s Chaiten volcano spewed lava and blasted ash more than 12 miles into the sky, prompting a total evacuation of the provincial capital and other settlements.Links: Chile, Volcano2008 Nov 20In southwestern Colombia the Nevada del Huila volcano erupted and loosed avalanches of mud and ash that injured nine, destroyed bridges and trapped people in their towns. At least 10 people died in landslides triggered by the eruption.Links: Colombia, Volcano2009 Feb 2A volcano near Tokyo erupted, shooting up billowing smoke and showering parts of the capital with a fine ash that sent some city residents to the car wash and left others puzzled over the white powder they initially mistook for snow.Links: Japan, Volcano2009 Mar 23Alaska's Mount Redoubt volcano erupted five times overnight, sending an ash plume more than 9 miles into the air in the volcano's first emissions in nearly 20 years.Links: USA, Volcano, Alaska2009 May 6US scientists in the Jason submersible from Woods Hole, Mass., filmed the West Mata undersea volcano between Samoa and Fiji. The summit of the volcano now reached some 4,000 feet from the sea floor and was still some 4,000 feet below the ocean’s surface.Links: USA, Technology, Volcano

5. Data 2009 May 29Indonesian government marine geologist Yusuf Surachman said that a massive underwater mountain discovered off the island of Sumatra could be a volcano with potentially catastrophic power. It was discovered earlier this month about 330 kilometers (205 miles) west of Bengkulu city during research to map the seabed's seismic fault lines.Links: Indonesia, Volcano2009 Dec 15The Philippines' most active volcano oozed lava and shot up plumes of ash, forcing thousands of people to evacuate their homes and face the possibility of a bleak Christmas in a shelter. State volcanologists raised the alert level on the cone-shaped, 8,070-foot (2,460-meter) Mayan volcano overnight to two steps below a major eruption.Links: Philippines, Volcano2010 Mar 21In southern Iceland a volcano erupted overnight, forcing some 600 hundred people to evacuate the area and diverting flights after authorities declared a local state of emergency.Links: Volcano, Iceland2010 Apr 12A British scientific expedition said it has discovered the world's deepest known underwater volcanic vent off the Cayman Islands.Links: Britain, Volcano, Cayman Islands2010 Apr 14In Iceland a volcano under the Eyjafjallajokull glacier erupted for the second time in less than a month, melting ice, shooting smoke and steam into the air, closing a major road and forcing hundreds of people to flee rising floodwaters.Links: Volcano, Iceland

6. Data 2010 Apr 15British airport operator BAA Ltd. said all flights at London's Heathrow Airport have been suspended for the rest of the day, causing travel chaos as ash clouds from Iceland's spewing volcano halted air traffic across Europe.Links: Britain, EU, Volcano, Iceland2010 Apr 16Volcanic ash blanketed parts of rural Iceland and left a widening arc of grounded aircraft across Europe, as thousands of planes stayed on the tarmac to avoid the hazardous cloud. Travel chaos engulfed major European cities and the UN warned of possible health risks from falling ash.Links: Aviation, Volcano, Iceland2010 Apr 17A lingering volcanic ash plume forced extended no-fly restrictions over much of Europe, as Icelandic scientists warned that volcanic activity had increased and showed no sign of abating, a portent of more travel chaos to come.Links: EU, Aviation, Volcano, Iceland2010 Apr 19The chief of British Airways said test flights have proven that the blanket restrictions EU governments have imposed on flights because of volcanic ash are unnecessary. The airline industry said it has lost at least $1 billion due to five days of closed airports. A senior Western diplomat says several NATO F-16 fighters suffered engine damage after flying through the volcanic ash cloud covering large parts of Europe.Links: Britain, NATO, Aviation, Volcano, Iceland2010 Apr 26In Guatemala the Santiaguito volcano showered sand and ash over a large western area in an "unusual" and "violent" eruption.Links: Guatemala, Volcano

7. Volcano Preparedness • http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0212082/volprep.htm Prepare For Evacuation: You prepare for a volcano by learning about your community 'swarning system. Volcanoes can make other disasters like earthquakes, flash floods, landslides, tsunamis, and thunderstorms happen. That means that you will need to be aware of how to prepare for these disasters too. If a volcano threatens you, you will need to evacuate to a safe place as soon as possible. Before you go you would need a checklist. Plan an evacuation route before a volcano eruption becomes a danger. Have a plan with other family members about how to get in touch with each other if you should become separated during a volcanic eruption.

8. Volcano Preparedness • During A Volcanic Eruption: You should use safety gear like goggles and a breathing mask to protect yourself and your family members during an eruption. You should also wear long sleeves, and keep vehicle engines turned off. Keep away from the area where lava flows, ash, and other volcanic debris is located.

9. How Volcanoes Work • A volcano is an opening or rupture in the earth’s surface or crust. This rupture or opening allows hot magma and ash to flow ooze out. When the oxygen hits the magma it turns into lava. A volcano erupts when internal forces within the earth cause an uproar of magma to erupt from the opening.

10. Research • There are around 1510 'active' volcanoes in the world. We currently know of 80 or more which are under the oceans. • There are three major kinds of volcanoes. • Volcanoes can be active, dormant or extinct. • There are 20 volcanoes erupting right now as you are reading this. • The tallest volcano in the solar system isn't on Earth, but on Mars. • The tallest and biggest volcanoes on Earth are side by side, Mauna Kea and Loa. • The most distant point from the center of the Earth is a volcano which is the Chimborazo in Ecuador.

11. Credits • Most of the information from the data and preparedness goes to these links: • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanoes • http://www.volcanoes.com/ • http://www.learner.org/interactives/volcanoes/ • http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0212082/volprep.htm • http://www.poetpatriot.com/timeline/tmlndisvolcanos.htm • http://www.universetoday.com/guide-to-space/earth/10-interesting-facts-about-volcanoes/