Goal 1 – Civics and Economics

1. Goal 1 – Civics and Economics Foundations of the American Political System, Basic Values and Principles of American Government

2. Comparing the Colonies (1.1) New England Colonies, Middle Colonies, and Southern Colonies

3. The New England Colonies • Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut • Made up of Puritans, who established a community based on “pure biblical teachings” on Plymouth, Massachusetts after establishing a government through the Mayflower Compact

4. New England Colonies • Economy was based on shipbuilding, fishing, and self-sufficient farms

5. The Middle Colonies • New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware • Made up of religiously tolerant colonies that included a diversity of people and religions

6. The Middle Colonies • Relied on shipping and trading, but also had farmers that relied on selling crops like rye, wheat, and barley

7. The Southern Colonies • Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia • Came to New World hoping to get rich and buy new land, starting with the Virginia Company founding Jamestown as a joint-stock company

8. The Southern Colonies • Economy was based on large farms producing products such as tobacco, tar, and rice in a plantation system that used indentured servants and slaves, who arrived in the South in the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade Route

9. Types of Colonies • Royal Colonies – governed directly by Great Britain, who would appoint a governor • Proprietary Colonies – governed by Great Britain, but through the king granting land to an individual or group • Charter Colonies – governed themselves but still had allegiance to Great Britain

10. Special Colonies • Rhode Island was founded by Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson after a break from the Puritans • Pennsylvania, founded by William Penn, became home to the Quakers, who preached equality and pacifism as well as religious tolerance

11. Special Colonies • Maryland became a land of Catholics started by Lord Baltimore • Georgia became a haven for English debtors and a buffer zone between the colonies and Spanish Florida

12. Bacon’s Rebellion • Nathaniel Bacon fights native Americans on the border but is condemned by the Virginia governor • Bacon turned his army on Jamestown and demanded more representation for the “common man”

13. Salem Witch Trials • Young girls claimed that they had been bewitched by certain townspeople • Puritan faith dealt strictly with witches and many who were accused were killed

14. Colonial Self-Government (1.2) History Leading to Self-Government, Early Colonial Governments

15. Early Self-Government • Ancient Greece came up with democracy (people rule by voting), Romans came up with republic (people rule by electing representatives that vote for them) • Middle Ages had kings, queens and other rulers that nobody questioned and they had sole authority. The Magna Carta (1215) was signed by King John forcing him to give up some power to the nobles, leading to limited government

16. Later Self-Government • Parliament began in the 13th century as the legislative body and took powers away from the king • The English Bill of Rights gave Parliament power and rights that the king could not remove (1689)

17. People of the Enlightenment • The Renaissance led to a new wave of ideas in the late 1600s, the Enlightenment • Thomas Hobbes wrote that all people are born with rights and that a strong national government must be present to maintain order • John Locke wrote that people are born with “natural rights” of life, liberty, and property • Montesquieu believed in three branches of government to split up power in the government • Jean Jacque Rousseau believed in equality of people, his ideas were used in the Declaration of Independence

18. Self-Government in the Colonies • House of Burgesses – first government established in the colonies, founded in Jamestown, VA as a bicameral legislature • Mayflower Compact – Pilgrims, or Puritans, came to the New World and established a direct democracy government on a ship and settled in Plymouth, MA • Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – set limits on what government could do and banded citizens in the colony together (essentially a body of laws)

19. Navigation Acts (1660) French and Indian War (1754) Albany Plan of Union (1754) Writs of Assistance (1760) Proclamation of 1763 British Laws and Taxes in 1760s (Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Declaratory Act, Townshend Acts, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Intolerable Acts) Tensions Start Between Britain and Colonies (1.3)

20. Revolutionary War • Shot Heard Round the World starts war • 1775 – Lexington and Concord Battles • 1776 – Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense • 1776 – Declaration of Independence is written by Thomas Jefferson

21. American Identity (1.4) • 1) Public Education – Puritans began it, eventually laws required it for all people in Massachusetts, Harvard and Yale were founded • 2) Religious Pluralism – variety of religions (First Great Awakening, freedom of religion, separation of church and state) • 3) Egalitarianism – “Natural Rights” leading to consent of the governed and nationalism • 4) Limited Equality – suffrage granted only to a few at first, slavery was well established, women were second-class citizens

22. State Constitutions (1.5) Colonies became states and drew up their own constitutions State constitutions had three branches of government and a bicameral legislature

23. The Articles of Confederation • a.       A unicameral body of representatives from each state, designed to deal only with issues the states could not (ex: forming an army) • b.       Accomplishments were the Treaty of Paris (with England after the war), the Land Ordinance of 1785 dividing the western lands into townships, and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 that divided the Great Lakes lands into townships

24. Articles of Confederation Fail Weaknesses of the Articles were: • Articles did not give enough power to the Congress to impose taxes, to borrow money, and to enforce laws • It had rules that were too rigid to change The fall of the Articles were caused by: • The growing national debt • Shay’s Rebellion where a Massachusetts farmer Daniel Shays led a rebellion that was put down but made people fear more rebellions would happen because of the weak national government and the growing debt

25. The Philadelphia Convention • The Philadelphia Convention was called to revise the Articles of Confederation, but they realized that a new constitution needed to be created, leading to the delegates forming a new government through compromises (5 compromises)

26. 1. The Great Compromise • The first Compromise involved the setup of the government. The first idea was the Virginia Plan (two houses, both by population) liked by the larger states. The smaller states preferred the New Jersey Plan (one house, by state) because each state had equal representation. The Connecticut Compromise, or Great Compromise, combined these two ideas to create our current legislature with two houses, one by population and the other by state.

27. 2. The 3/5 Compromise • The second Compromise involved slaves in the population. The North did not want slaves to count in the population because it meant the South would have more people, and the South wanted slaves to count for the same reason. The 3/5 Compromise said that for every 5 slaves, 3 of them would count.

28. 3. The Slave Trade Compromise • The third Compromise involved trade. The North thought that Congress should control all trade, and the South thought that it shouldn’t because it would affect the slave trade. The Slave Trade Compromise allowed Congress to regulate trade but it could not touch the slave trade for 20 years.

29. 4. Electoral College Compromise • The fourth Compromise involved the election of the President. Some were worried that giving people the power to elect the President would be problematic (they didn’t trust the average person), so they let people elect electors who would vote and elect the President. This is called the Electoral College Compromise.

30. 5. Bill of Rights Compromise • The fifth Compromise involved the Bill of Rights. The Federalists believed that the Constitution specifically gave Congress some things it could not do to people, but the Antifederalists eventually convinced them to yield to a Bill of Rights that protect citizens, our first 10 amendments to the Constitution.

31. Federalists thought: 1) Strong Central Government 2) Support the Constitution 3) Loose Interpretation of the Constitution Antifederalists thought: 1) Strong State Governments 2) Opposed the Constitution, Supported Bill of Rights 3) Strict Interpretation of the Constitution Federalists v. Antifederalists (1.6)

32. The Bill of Rights (1.7)

33. Forms of Government (1.8) • Direct Democracy – people themselves vote on issues • Representative Democracy/Republic – people elect representatives to vote on issues for them • Autocracy – power rests in the hands of a single individual • Absolute Monarchy – ruled by king or queen with unlimited power • Limited Monarchy – ruled by king or queen with limited power given by the law

34. Forms of Government • Dictatorship – the word of the ruling party becomes law • Totalitarianism – the state is more important than the individuals • Oligarchy – government ruled by a few people • Aristocracy – government ruled by the upper classes • Theocracy – government ruled by religion • Anarchy – the concept of no government