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CHAPTERS 22, 23, and 24 PLANTS

CHAPTERS 22, 23, and 24 PLANTS. Chapter 22: Plant Diversity. Question of the Day APR 28 EOC REVIEW. The first plants evolved from A. Red algae B. Green algae C. Brown algae D. Golden algae. AGENDA APR 28. Objectives: Describe what plants need to survive.

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CHAPTERS 22, 23, and 24 PLANTS

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  1. CHAPTERS 22, 23, and 24PLANTS Chapter 22: Plant Diversity

  2. Question of the Day APR 28EOC REVIEW • The first plants evolved from • A. Red algae • B. Green algae • C. Brown algae • D. Golden algae

  3. AGENDA APR 28 • Objectives: Describe what plants need to survive. • Explain the life cycle of a bryophyte. • 1. EOC REVIEW • 2. Chapter 21 FUNGI Homework Check • 3. Chapter 22 Plant Diversity • 4. Review and Homework

  4. 22-1 Intro to Plants • Plants are multicellular eukaryotes. • Cells walls made of cellulose. • Multicellular embryos. • Photosynthesis • Chlorophyll a and b

  5. Life Cycle and Survival • Sporophyte – diploid phase (2N) • Spore producing plant • Gametophyte – haploid phase (N) • produces gametes • Basic Needs • Sunlight, Water, Minerals, Gas Exchange • Movement of Water and Nutrients

  6. EOC REVIEW DO NOW Apr 29 • What is the Cell Cycle? • What are the two main stages of the Cell Cycle? • What events occur during each stage?

  7. AGENDA APR 29 • Objectives: Compare the characteristics of different types of plant life. • 1. EOC REVIEW • 2. Chapter 22 Plant Diversity Continued • 3. Plants Question Packet • 4. Review and Homework • Packet DUE THURSDAY May 1

  8. Overview of Plants • First plants evolved from multicellular green algae • Four GROUPS 1. Mosses 2. Ferns • 3 Features 3. Conifers 4. Flowering • Water-conducting tissues • Seeds • Flowers

  9. 22-2 Bryophytes • Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts • Require water for reproduction • No vascular tissues • Water taken in by osmosis • Very low to ground • Rhizoids – root like structures • Long thin cells draw up water and minerals Gemmae – small, multicellular reproductive structures

  10. 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants • Specialized to conduct water and nutrients through plant • XYLEM – specialized tissue to transport water up the plant made of tracheids. • PHLOEM – tissue that transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates. • Both can move materials against the force of gravity. • LIGNIN – makes cell walls rigid • Plants grow upright

  11. Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetail • Roots – absorb water and minerals • Leaves – photosynthetic organs • Stems – support structures carry water and nutrients • Club Mosses Horsetails Ferns

  12. 22-4: Seed Plants • GYMNOSPERMS – Bear seeds on cones • ANGIOSPERMS – flowering plants bear seeds within tissue. • DO NOT REQUIRE WATER for fertilization • Flowers or cones • Transfer of sperm by pollination • Protection of embryos in seeds

  13. Question of the Day APR 30EOC REVIEW • In fruit flies, red eyes are dominant to white eyes and long wings are dominant to short wings. Cross a fly with white eyes that is heterozygous for long wings with a fly that is heterozygous for both traits. Construct a Punnett Square to determine all of the possible genotypes, phenotypes, and their genotypic and phenotypic ratios. Be organized and neat.

  14. AGENDA APR 30 • Objectives: Compare the characteristics of different types of plant life. • 1. EOC REVIEW • 2. Chapter 22 Plant Diversity Continued • 3. Plants Question Packet • 4. Review and Homework • Packet DUE THURSDAY May 1

  15. Mystery of Loch Ness Monster Solved?!? • Why is it very unlikely that the Loch Ness monster is/was a plesiosaur? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUizJkymQYc

  16. Reproductive Parts • Cones and flowers – seed-bearing sporophyte structures • Gametophytes live inside • Pollination – transfer of pollen by wind, insects, animals. • Seeds contain embryos • Protection and food supply

  17. 22-5: Angiosperms • Flowers are reproductive organs. • Contain ovaries – surround and protect seeds • Seeds produced within ovaries • Ovaries mature into fruits • Fruits aid in the dispersion of seeds

  18. CHAPTER 23 ROOTS, STEMS, and LEAVES

  19. 23-1: Specialized Tissues in Plants • Three Principal Organs of Seed Plants • 1. ROOTS – absorbs water and dissolved nutrients • 2. STEMS – support system for the plant body • 3. LEAVES – main photosynthetic systems

  20. Plant Tissue Systems • Dermal tissue – single layer of epidermal “skin” cells • Thick waxy cuticle • protects against water loss and injury • Vascular tissue – transports water and nutrients • Xylem • Phloem • Ground tissue – cells between dermal and vascular • Parenchyma • Collenchyma • Sclerenchyma

  21. Growth and Meristematic Tissue • Most plants produce new cells for as long as they live • Indeterminate growth at tips of roots and stems • Meristems responsible for growth • New cells produced in meristematic tissue are not specialized. • What is differentiation?

  22. Apical Meristems

  23. 23-2 ROOTS • Taproot – long thick primary root • Small secondary roots • Fibrous root – large cluster of roots all of the same size. • Mature roots have an epidermis layer (skin), ground tissue, and central vascular tissue.

  24. Question of the DAY May 2 • Tracheids and vessel elements make up • A. Phloem • B. Meristem • C. Xylem • D. Trichocysts

  25. AGENDA MAY 2 • Objectives: Compare the characteristics of different types of plant life. • 1. EOC REVIEW • 2. Chapter 23: More PLANTS! • 3. Plants Question Packet • 4. Review and Homework • CHAPTER 23 Packet DUE MONDAY • STUDY YOUR NOTES  PLANTS TEST NEXT WEEK • WEDNESDAY

  26. Root Functions • 1. Anchor plants to the ground • 2. Absorb nutrients and water • Active transport required to take in minerals from soil • Root pressure required to move or push water up through the xylem to other parts of the plant.

  27. 22-3 STEMS • Three major functions • 1. Produce leaves, branches, and flowers. • 2. hold leaves up to sunlight • 3. transport substances between roots and leaves Primary Growth – Increase in stem length Occurs in apical meristem Secondary Growth – Increase in stem width Lateral meristem Occurs in vascular cambium and cork cambium

  28. DO NOW Monocots and Dicots • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHp_voyo7MY Monocot StemDicot Stem Vascular bundles scatteredArranged in Throughout stemorganized, ringlike patterns

  29. 23-4: Leaves • Absorbing light and carrying out photosynthesis • Blades – thin flattened sections collect sunlight • Petioles – attach leaves to the stem • Cuticle and epidermal cells • Protection and prevents evaporation of water

  30. Leaf Functions • Photosynthesis occurs in mesophyll - specialized ground tissue. • Stomata – pore-like openings that allow CO2 and O2 into/out of cell. • Guard cellscontrol opening and closing of stomata • Operate in pairs • Located in epidermis • Respond to changes in H2O pressure

  31. Guard Cells and Stomata • Stomata open during daytime • Closed at night. • Transpiration – water loss through a plant’s leaves

  32. 23-5: Transport in Plants • Water transport requires enough force to move water through xylem • Root pressure • Capillary action • Transpiration • Adhesion – the attraction of water molecules with unlike molecules • H2O forms hydrogen bonds Capillary action is the attraction of water to the walls of a tube – water climbs higher in thinner tubes

  33. Plant Nutrition and Transport • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsY8j8f54I0

  34. AGENDA MAY 5 • Objectives: Investigate the forces that allow plants to move water and nutrients. • Describe the basic structure of a flower. • 1. Continue notes on Plants • 2. All Notes and Study Guides posted on my webpage • 3. CHAPTER TEST on WEDNESDAY MAY 7 • Chapters 22, 23, and 24 STUDY!!!

  35. Transpirational Pull • http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=capillary+action+in+plants&FORM=HDRSC3#view=detail&mid=77E77D50E65926CABBBE77E77D50E65926CABBBE • Water is high = Open Stomata • Excess water lost through transpiration • Water is low = H2O pressure drop • Guard cells close stomata

  36. Pressure-Flow Hypothesis • Nutrients pumped into or removed from PHLOEM • Change in concentration of fluid also occurs • Same direction • Nutrients move from a high concentration SOURCE  low concentration SINK ROOT  LEAF OR LEAF  ROOT

  37. CHAPTER 24 Reproduction of Seed Plants

  38. 24-1 Reproduction with cones and flowers • Alternation of Generations • Sporophyte (2N) alternates with Gametophyte (N) • Gametophytes produce egg and sperm • Form a diploid zygote • Zygote begins a Sporophyte generation • IN SEED PLANTS • Gametophytes hidden within tissues of sporophytes

  39. 24-1 Structure of Flowers • Four specialized kinds of leaves • Sepals – enclose bud and protect flower • Petals – attract pollinators • Stamens • Pistils or Carpels • Stamen – anther and filament • Anther – place where meiosis occurs  male gametophytes Pistil or Carpel – produces female gametophytes • Ovaries contain ovules • Stigma is a sticky part where pollen lands

  40. Parts of a Flower PAGE 612

  41. Parts of a Flower • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHp_voyo7MY • 10:50

  42. 24-1 Life Cycles • Gymnosperms • Reproduction takes place in cones • Produced by mature sporophytes • Pollen cones are male and Seed cones are female • Angiosperms • Reproduction takes place in the flower • Double fertilization • 1. sperm and egg produce zygote  new plant (2N) • 2. sperm and two polar nuclei form endosperm (3N) • Food source for seedling as it begins to grow

  43. 24-2 Seed and Fruit Development • Following fertilization… • Embryo grows within seed • As seeds mature, ovary walls thicken to form fruit • Fruits are ant seeds that are enclosed within embryo walls. • Applies to fruits and vegetables • Evolutionary change that enables seeds to be consumed

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