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Cell Structure

Cell Structure. Cells. En küçük yaşam birimi Çoğu mikroskobik. Cell Keşif. Robert Hooke (mid-1600s) Mantar Küçük boş odacık. Cell theory. Tüm organizma bir veya daha fazla hücreden oluşur Bir hücre bir önceki hücreden bölünme ile olur Organizmadaki en küçük canlı yapı. Cell Size.

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Cell Structure

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  1. Cell Structure

  2. Cells • En küçük yaşam birimi • Çoğu mikroskobik

  3. Cell Keşif • Robert Hooke (mid-1600s) • Mantar • Küçük boş odacık

  4. Cell theory Tüm organizma bir veya daha fazla hücreden oluşur Bir hücre bir önceki hücreden bölünme ile olur Organizmadaki en küçük canlı yapı

  5. Cell Size

  6. Characteristics of All Cells • membran • Protoplasma • Organel • DNA

  7. Cell Types • Prokaryotic • Eukaryotic

  8. Prokaryotic Cells • First cell type on earth • Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea

  9. Prokaryotic Cells • nukleus ?? • Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration • Organelles not bound by membranes

  10. Eukaryotic Cells • Nucleus bound by membrane • Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells • Possess many organelles Protozoan

  11. Representative Animal Cell

  12. Representative Plant Cell

  13. Plasma Membrane • Contains cell contents • Double layer of phospholipids & proteins

  14. Phospholipids • Polar • Hydrophylic head • Hydrophobic tail • Interacts with water

  15. Cell Walls • Found in plants, fungi, & many protists • Surrounds plasma membrane

  16. Cell Wall Differences • Plants – mostly cellulose • Fungi – contain chitin

  17. Cytoplasm • Viscous fluid containing organelles • components of cytoplasm • Interconnected filaments & fibers • Fluid = cytosol • Organelles (not nucleus) • storage substances

  18. Cytoskeleton • Filaments & fibers • Made of 3 fiber types • Microfilaments • Microtubules • Intermediate filaments • 3 functions: • mechanical support • anchor organelles • help move substances

  19. A = actin, IF = intermediate filament, MT = microtubule

  20. Cilia & Flagella • Provide motility • Cilia • Short • Used to move substances outside human cells • Flagella • Whip-like extensions • Found on sperm cells • Basal bodies like centrioles

  21. Cilia & Flagella Structure • Bundles of microtubules • With plasma membrane

  22. Centrioles • Pairs of microtubular structures • Play a role in cell division

  23. Nucleus • Control center of cell • Double membrane • Contains • Chromosomes • Nucleolus

  24. Nuclear Envelope • Separates nucleus from rest of cell • Double membrane • Has pores

  25. DNA • Hereditary material • Chromosomes • DNA • Protiens • Form for cell division • Chromatin

  26. Nucleolus • Most cells have 2 or more • Directs synthesis of RNA • Forms ribosomes

  27. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Helps move substances within cells • Network of interconnected membranes • Two types • Rough endoplasmic reticulum • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

  28. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Ribosomes attached to surface • Manufacture protiens • Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER • May modify proteins from ribosomes

  29. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • No attached ribosomes • Has enzymes that help build molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids

  30. Golgi Apparatus • Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall • Packaging & shipping station of cell

  31. Golgi Apparatus Function 1. Molecules come in vesicles 2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane 3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi

  32. Golgi Apparatus Function (Continued) 4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle 5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus 6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents

  33. Lysosomes • Contain digestive enzymes • Functions • Aid in cell renewal • Break down old cell parts • Digests invaders

  34. Vacuoles • Membrane bound storage sacs • More common in plants than animals • Contents • Water • Food • wastes

  35. Bacteria-Like Organelles • Release & store energy • Types • Mitochondria (release energy) • Chloroplasts (store energy)

  36. Evidence for the endosymbiont theory is that mitochondria and chloroplasts: - Are appropriate size to be descendants of eubacteria. - Have inner membranes similar to those on prokaryotic plasma membranes. - Replicate by splitting, as in prokaryotes. - DNA is circular and different from the DNA of the cell's nucleus. - Contain their own components for DNA transcription and translation into proteins . - Have ribosomes similar to prokaryotic ribosomes. - Molecular systematics lend evidence to support this theory.

  37. Mitochondria • Have their own DNA • Bound by double membrane

  38. Mitochondria • Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration) • Glucose • Fatty acids • Release energy • ATP

  39. Chloroplasts • Derived form photosynthetic bacteria • Solar energy capturing organelle

  40. Photosynthesis • Takes place in the chloroplast • Makes cellular food – glucose

  41. Review of Eukaryotic Cells

  42. Review of Eukaryotic Cells

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