Chapter 4

1. Chapter 4 Adapting Instruction Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 4.1

2. Stages of Learning • Acquisition • Maintenance • Generalization Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 4.2

3. Instruction [Fig. 4-1] Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 4.3

4. Principles of Instruction • Select Appropriate Learning Task • Break the Learning Task into Teachable Subcomponents • Task analysis • Use systematic Instructional Procedures • Demonstration • Guided practice • Independent practice Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 4.4

5. More Principles of Instruction • Consider Both Speed and Accuracy • Maximize Engaged Time • Give Clear Task Directions • Provide Consequences for Successful Task Performance • Check for Maintenance and Generalization • Try the Least Intrusive Intervention First (if change is needed) Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 4.5

6. Methods for Gathering Data • Determine the Student’s Current Levels of Performance • Curriculum–based assessment • Inventories • Criterion-referenced tests • Evaluate Progress • Rubrics • Analyze Reasons for Task Failure • Error analysis Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 4.6

7. Strategies for Adapting instruction • Modify Materials and Activities • Clarify Task Directions • Add Prompts • Teach to Specific Student Errors • Change Teaching Procedures • Present Additional Skills and Information • Provide Additional Guided Practice • Make Consequences for Successful Performance More Attractive • Slow the Pace of Instruction Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 4.7

8. More Strategies for Adapting instruction • Alter Task Requirements • Change the Criteria for Successful Performance • Change the Task Characteristics • Break Task into Smaller Subtasks • Select Alternate Task • Substitute a Similar but Easier Task • Substitute a Prerequisite Task Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 4.8

9. Making Test Accommodations • Directions/Instructions • Demonstrations • Time Limits • Presentation Mode • Response Mode • Aids • Prompts and Cues • Feedback • Positive Reinforcement • Physical Location Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 4.9

10. Chapter 5 Managing Classroom Behavior Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 5.1

11. Behavior Problems in the Classroom • Classroom Conduct Problems • Study Skill Problems • How Problems Are Exhibited • Low rate of appropriate behaviors • High rate of inappropriate behaviors • Absence of appropriate behavior from student’s repertoire Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 5.2

12. Principles of Managing Behavior • Behavior is Learned • Operant behaviors • Antecedents and Consequences • Classroom Organization • Increase Behaviors • Positive reinforcement • Negative reinforcement Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 5.3

13. More Principles of Managing Behavior • Decrease Behaviors • Extinction • Punishment • Response Cost • Time-out • Identify Consequences that Are Meaningful to Students • Beware of Noneducational Interventions Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 5.4

14. Methods for Gathering Data • Functional (Behavioral) Assessment • Direct Observation of Behavior • Specify the Behavior Being Observed • Narrative recording • Sequence analysis • Select a Measurement System • Permanent product recording • Event recording • Duration recording • Interval recording Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 5.5

15. More on Direct Observation of Behavior • Who Observes? • How Often Do Observations Occur? • Collect and Graph Baseline Data • Collect Data During Interventions Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 5.6

16. Graphing Baseline and Intervention Data [Fig. 5-4] Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 5.7

17. Positive Strategies for Managing and Improving Behavior • Establish Behavioral Expectations and Communicate them to Students • Class rules • Prevent Inappropriate Conduct by Monitoring Behavior and Providing Feedback • Negative attention • Reinforce Appropriate Behavior • Provide Reinforcers that are Valued by Students • Premack Principle Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 5.8

18. Schedules of Reinforcement • Fixed ratio • Variable Ratio • Fixed Interval • Variable Interval Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 5.9

19. More Positive Strategies for Managing and Improving Behavior • Token Economy • Contingency Contracts • Shaping • Modeling • Contingency Models • Group contingencies • Team-based contingencies • Self Monitoring • Parent Involvement Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 5.10