1 / 52

Sensation and Perception

Sensation and Perception. Ciccarelli and White Chapter 3 Introductory Psychology Spring 2014. Sensation and Perception. Sense- a system that translates outside information into activity in the nervous system Sensation- the stimulus message coming from the senses

Download Presentation

Sensation and Perception

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Sensation and Perception Ciccarelli and White Chapter 3 Introductory Psychology Spring 2014

  2. Sensation and Perception • Sense- a system that translates outside information into activity in the nervous system • Sensation- the stimulus message coming from the senses • Transduction- process of converting stimuli • Perception- the process of giving meaning to that message

  3. Figure: What Do You See?

  4. ABC’s of Sensation • Sensation is the activation of receptors in the various sense organs • Sensory Receptors • Specialized forms of neurons • Not stimulated by other neurons • Stimulated directly by different kinds of energy (light waves, sound waves, etc)

  5. Sensory Energy • Wavelength- the distance between peaks in a wave of light and sound • Frequency- number of complete waves, or cycles, that pass a given point per unit of time • Amplitude- the distance between the peak and the baseline of a wave

  6. Figure: The Dimensions of a Wave

  7. Sensory Systems- How Information gets from Sensation to Perception • Your senses gather information through various forms of energy • This energy is encoded into neuronal activity • Neuronal activity relays signals to the brain

  8. Modification of Energy into Neuronal Activity • In some sensory systems the first step in sensation involves modifying the incoming stimulus • Accessory structures complete this modification • The second step in modification is transduction • Transduction is the process of converting incoming energy into neuronal activity • Transduction takes place at structures called receptors

  9. Transfer of Information through CNS • Coding translates the physical properties of a stimulus into neural activity • Sensory nerves transfer coded activity to the brain (Thalamus) • Coded information for all senses except smell goes to the Thalamus • Thalamus does some initial processing and sends information to the Cerebral Cortex • Cortex receives input and produces sensation and perception

  10. Review of Structures of Forebrain

  11. Review: Elements of a Sensory System

  12. Sensory Threshold • Sensory Thresholds • Weber’s Law of just noticeable differences • Ex: Sugar in Coffee (20%) • Already have 5 teaspoons, must add 1 teaspoon • Already have 10 teaspoons, must add 2 teaspoons • Coffee regular • Absolute Threshold • Subliminal Perception • Movie • Habituation and Sensory Adaptation

  13. The Science of Seeing • The Science of Seeing • Psychological Properties of Light • Three psychological aspects to light • Brightness • Color • Saturation

  14. Figure: The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Energy

  15. Structures of the Eye • The structure of the eye • Cornea • Aqueous humor • Iris • Pupil • Lens • Vitreous humor • Retina • Cones • Rods • Fovea • Optic Nerve • Blind Spot/ Optic Disc

  16. Figure: Major Structures of the Eye

  17. Figure: The Lens and the Retinal Image

  18. How the Eye Works • Left and Right Visual Fields • Areas of the Retinas • Where the information goes • Optic chiasm • Photoreceptors • Rods • Dark adaptation • Light adaptation • Cones

  19. Color vision • Color Vision • Trichromatic Theory • The Afterimage • Opponent-process theory • Lateral geniculate nucleus • Color Blindness

  20. Perception of Sound • What is sound • Properties of sound waves • Auditory Spectrum

  21. The Structure of the Ear The structure of the ear • The outer ear • The Middle ear • The inner ear • Cochlea • Basilar Membrane-resting place of the organ of Corti • Organ of Corti- contains receptor cells for the sense of hearing • Auditory Nerve- bundle of axons from the hair cells in the inner ear that run to the brain

  22. Figure: Structures of the Ear

  23. Figure: The Cochlea

  24. Perceiving Pitch • Theories of Pitch • Pitch- psychological experience of sound that corresponds to the frequency of the sound waves; higher frequencies are perceived as higher pitches • Place Theory • Frequency Theory • Volley Principle

  25. Types of Hearing Impairments • Types of Hearing Impairments • Conduction Hearing Impairment • Hearing aids • Nerve hearing impairment • Tinnitus • Cochlear implants

  26. Figure: Sound Waves and Waveforms

  27. Table: Intensity of Sound Sources

  28. Auditory Pathways to the Brain • Auditory nerve conveys information to the thalamus which then relays it. • Thalamus relays the information to the primary auditory cortex • Cells in the auditory cortex have preferred frequencies. • Auditory cortex also receives information from other senses.

  29. Chemical Senses • Chemical Senses • Gustation • Taste buds • Five basic tastes • Supertasters • Olfaction • Definitions • Olfactory receptor cells • Olfactory bulbs

  30. Smell, Taste, and Flavor • Smell and taste act as two components of a single system, known as flavor. • Scent and taste pathways converge in the cerebral cortex. • Both tastes and odors prompt strong emotional responses. • Variations in nutritional state affects: • One’s experience of taste and flavor. • One’s motivation to eat particular foods.

  31. Figure: The Olfactory System

  32. Olfactory System • Unique relationship between smell and memory. • Species variability in sensitivity to odor and dependency on smell for survival. • E.g., humans have about 9 million olfactory neurons while dogs have 225 million. • Many species have an accessory olfactory system that detects pheromones.

  33. Somesthetic Senses • Touch, Pressure, Temperature • Types of sensory receptors • Visceral pain, somatic pain • Congenital analgesia • Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis • Phantom limb • Pain Gate Control Theory

  34. Kinesthetic Sense/ Vestibular Sense • Kinesthetic Sense • Vestibular Sense • Otolith organs • Semicircular canals • Motion sickness

  35. ABC’s of perception • The ABC’s of Perception • Size, Shape, and Brightness • Gestalt Principles • Figure-ground • Proximity • Similarity • Closure • Continuity • contiguity

  36. Figure 3.20: Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Grouping

  37. Depth Perceptions Monocular Cues • Linear perspective • Relative size • Overlap • Aerial perspective • Texture gradient • Motion parallax • accommodation

  38. Linear perspective

  39. Relative Size

  40. Overlap

  41. Aerial Perspective

  42. Texture gradient

  43. Depth Perception • Binocular Cues • Convergence • Binocular Disparity

  44. Perceptual Illusions • Hermann Grid • Muller-Lyer Illusion • The Moon Illusion • Illusions of motion

  45. Hermann Grid

  46. Muller- Lyer

  47. Other factors that Influence perception • Perceptual sets • Top down processing • Bottom up processing

  48. Figure 3.18: Misperceiving Reality Which Line Is Longer? From Gardner "Optical Illusions from Figures that are Undecidable to Hot Dogs That Float, Scientific American, 222, 124, 127 Reprinted with permission

More Related