BAQ Conference Yogyakarta, Indonesia - December 13-15, 2006

1. BAQ Conference Yogyakarta, Indonesia - December 13-15, 2006 The Power Sector and Environmental Protection in EU and ITALY Ivo ALLEGRINI, Maria P. ANCORA Ettore GUERRIERO, Mauro ROTATORI Institute for Atmospheric Pollution of the Italian National Research Council Monterotondo S. (Rome), ITALY

2. Electricity production and pollution in Italy Wind and solar energy Geo-thermic Hydroelectric Thermal

3. PREVENTION MONITORING ACTION Ambient air legislation in Italy General approach • Emissions • Ambient air

4. “Monitoring activities shall be followed and interwoven with the development of an emission inventory and atmospheric pollution modeling suite in order to let policy makers and law enforcers evaluate strategies according to different scenarios” Ambient air legislation Methodological approach

5. The Strategic Environmental Evaluation requires environmental effects to be taken into account in the development of certain action plan such policy, programs, planes or national regional and local program initiatives. SEA Title II Ambient air legislation in ItalyPrevention Environmental Impact Assessment describes and evaluates all direct and indirect effects of a project and of its main options, including option zero, on humans, fauna, flora, ground, superficial and underground water, air, climate, landscape and on their interaction, as well as on material goods and cultural, social and environmental heritage. Furthermore, it evaluates the conditions for the project and plant implementation and their operating phase. EIA Title III The integrated approach means that the permits must take into account the whole environmental performance of the plant*, ensuring a high level of protection of the environment itself. This approach advices both the designed authorities to coordinate their actions on industrial plant authorization and the plants to control emissions in the environment taken as a whole and no more as three different parts (water, air and ground). IPPC Title III, art. 34

6. Air protection and Emission reduction DL. 152, April 3rd 2006(Fifth Part) Ambient air legislation in ItalyPrevention / Industrial plants • All civil and industrial plants and their activities that cause emissions are included in the directives • Are excluded all plants under D. Lgs. 133/05 implementation of the Directive 2000/76/CE concerning waste incineration • All plants under Integrated Pollution Prevention and Controlhave just one authorization from IPPC that replace the previous one

7. Reduction of Industrial Emissions is largely a consequence of: • Shifting of economy from primary production • Relocation of plants • Improvement of abatement technologies AMBIENT AIR LEGISLATION IN ITALYPREVENTING EMISSIONS • In Italy a great public concern (NIMBY) developed in the few past years against: • Waste incinerators (Understandable) • Large Coal fired PP (Understandable) • NG Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plants(?)

8. A POSSIBLE SOLUTION Ambient concentrations EMISSIONS INFORMATION • Collect reliable emission data • Reduce emissions whenever possible • Collect sufficiciently complete ambient data • Ensure a satisfactory air quality • Ensure public information • Promote acceptability

9. Framework Directive on Air Quality 96/62/EC Atmospheric pollutants to be considered: • sulphur dioxide • nitrogen dioxide • particulate matter • lead • ozone • benzene • carbon monoxide • poly-aromatic hydrocarbons • cadmium • arsenic • nickel • mercury • Concentration limits, alert limits • Air Quality Monitoring criteria • Information to public • Data reporting and format

10. AMBIENT AIR LEGISLATION IN ITALY…HOW TO IMPROVE OBSERVATIONS • Preliminary Assessment (Includes Models) • Spatial Distribution of Pollutants • Design of the Monitoring network • Complementing AQMS data All these tasks may be fulfilled by the use of passive sampling techniques (saturation monitoring) !

11. … A REAL EXAMPLE TERMOLI ( South Italy): NG TURBINE CC POWER PLANT A Network of 3 fixed stations provides high time resolution of air pollution A Network of 40 Saturation Stations (Analyst Passive Samplers) provides high space resolution

12. NOx - DIFFUSIVE SAMPLING Results from 4 campaigns (Site representativity)

13. OZONE – Diffusive Sampling Results from 4 Campaigns

14. NO2 Concentration Map Power Plant

15. The Sino-Italian Cooperation Program for Environmental Protection Z B H • AIR QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM: SUZHOU (2002-2006) • INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM – TRAFFIC AIR POLLUTION: BEIJING (2004) • LABORATORY AND OLYMPIC VILLAGE MONITORING: BEIJING (2004-2008) • AIR QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM-GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION INVENTORY: LANZHOU (2004-2007) • AIR POLLUTANTS EMISSIONS MONITORING : SHANGHAI (2005-2007) • AIR QUALITY MONITORING IMPROVEMENT: URUMCHI (2006) • REGIONAL AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT: BEIJING (2006)

16. Strategic and Environmental Impact Assessments provides useful tools for determining the role of EPP in local air pollution • Reliable Emission monitoring data are important for the evaluation of effects (models) • Sufficiently high time and space resolutions are required for ambient monitoring • Public information and participation are key factors in the acceptance of large EPPs. CONCLUSIONS

17. THANKS! www.iia.cnr.it allegrini@iia.cnr.it ancora@iia.cnr.it