SHIKSHAPEETH CDD PRESENTS

1. SHIKSHAPEETH CDD PRESENTS

2. NATURAL DISASTERS

3. DROUGHT • Nature’s wrath is evident all around us. • Droughts are defined as an extreme dry periodic climate where the availability of water falls below a theoretical statistical level. • Droughts are not purely synthetic or natural disasters. In fact, they occur due to the interplay between the natural availability of water and the human demands for water supply. • However, there are three different types of droughts, a system devised to describe the conditions in which the droughts form.

4. CONT… • The first type of drought is the meteorological drought which is caused when there is a protracted/ prolonged period with less than average precipitation. • Agricultural drought is caused when there is not enough moisture for crop production. • This particular type of drought can be created due to both soil conditions and human land development techniques.

5. CONT… • The third type of drought is hydrologic drought caused when water reserves in sources such as lakes and reservoirs fall below their critical average. • Even in times of above average precipitation, this type of drought can occur when increase water usage diminishes the amount of water in reserves. • In the context of urban planning, this type of drought should be considered more.

6. CONT… • Drought can easily be considered the most persistent and insidious of the disasters that nature conjures. It can last longer and extend across larger zones than hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, and earthquakes. • This damages terrestrial and aquatic wildlife habitat and contributing to widespread wildfire which cause potentially billions of dollars in losses and destroying lifetimes of dreams and livelihoods.

7. ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES • In many cases, drought is the last straw in driving ranch families off their land and cattle producers out of business. It introduces destitution to water-dependent enterprises such as commercial fishing, river guides, landscapers, golf courses, and water based theme parks. • This ultimately causes revenue shortfalls for local governments and inhibits their continued progress and development.

8. MUNICIPAL CONSEQUENCES • Drought can have devastating psychological and societal impacts on the lives of migrant agricultural workers and people employed in seasonal or recreation-dependent jobs. • Tough decisions regarding allocation of water and result in stringent water-use limitations. • Drought can cause intra-national conflict in terms of who gets how much and what type of water.

9. DROUGHT: NECESSARY GOVERNMENT RESPONSE • Availability of water and food for its people, whether synthetic/artificial or through natural means. • All afflicted individuals needs were wholly met and their livelihoods were protected. • Deploying task forces, "Drought Committee“

10. CONT… • Another important but often overlooked component of drought response is care for citizens who flee their drought affected homes for safer urban centers.

11. DATA • 1900 India • Between 250,000 and 3.25 million die from drought and starvation. • 1902 Australia • Wheat crops yielded nearly record low totals while cold weather hurt cattle. • 1921-1921 Soviet Union • In the region of Ukraine, somewhere between 250,000 to 5 million lose thier lives. • 1932-1934 Soviet Union • In the Ukraine and North Caucasus region, between 5 to 10 million die. • 1936 China • In the Sichuan Province, nearly 34 million farmers were displaced. 5 million died. • 1930-1937 United States • In the Great Plains, the central portion of the country, dust bowls and drought destroyed rural districts. • 1968-1974 Sahel • Between 100,000 and 250,000 were killed and agricultural output crashed. • 1973-1974 Ethiopia • The drought resulted in a military coup and a violent change of power. • 1983 Bolivia • Over 80% of crop profits were lost and damages were measured at US $417.2 million.

12. CASE STUDY OF THE 1968-1974 SAHEL DROUGHT • The 1968-74 Sahel Drought in Africa was perhaps the most devastating drought in recent world history. • Despite its magnitude , the Sahel drought was formed from the similar natural and anthropogenic causal factors. • WHY :Scientists studying during the period determined that because northern hemisphere oceans were cold, rainfall in the Sahel was also to be low. • Further studies conducted during 1996 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change substantiated this claim.  • Additionally, due to unimpeded human induced uprooting of trees and soil for building development, the soil lost its ability to retain water.

13. CONSEQUENCES • During the approximate 6 years of drought, between 100,000 and 250,000 people perished, nearly 5.5 million were displaced and the agricultural bases of 5 countries crumbled (Ethiopia, Sudan, Mali, Niger and Chad). • In political, economic and sociological terms, this Sahel drought was utterly destructive. • During the approximate 6 years of drought, between 100,000 and 250,000 people perished, nearly 5.5 million were displaced and the agricultural bases of 5 countries crumbled (Ethiopia, Sudan, Mali, Niger and Chad). • The Sahelian region also suffered extensive damage to cattle, sheep and goats, losing between 15-45% of each group.

14. CONT… • This meant in Niger, a country in the afflicted region, cattle decreased from nearly 4.50 million head to 2.25 million. • This hindered economic development in this region, limiting investment in the respective nations. Additionally, national governments of this region lost nearly 3% of their tax revenue following the drought.

15. CITIZEN RESPONSE • As the drought was a long term (6 year) event, citizens were unable to take effective measures to protect themselves with their homes. • Thus, approximately half the individuals in the Sahelian region took flight from their rural communities to more developed urban centers.

16. GOVERNMENT RESPONSE • Government Response • Government response was limited for a multiplicity of factors - most related to monetary reasoning. • First, economies in the Sahelian region at the time were not very developed, thus it prevented adequate monetary assistance to afflicted individuals and starving communities. • Additionally, with droves of people entering the urban centers seeking refuge, overcrowding became an immense problem which went unresolved by national governments of the region. This inability to address overcrowding led to the proliferation of diseases like malaria. In terms of response to the physical occurrence, governments of Chad, Ethiopia and Niger dug channels from urban centers to rural farmlands in an effort to diffuse water, but these efforts failed as the sweltering heat in the region limited progress of the channels' development and their effectiveness.

17. EARTH QUAKE • Earthquakes generally result Economic and Social consequences.

18. EARTH QUAKE PAST INCIDENTS • 1923 Japan : An 8.3 magnitude earthquake killed 143000 people and triggered the Great Tokyo fire • 1927 China : An 8.3 magnitude earthquake made large fractures and killed 200000 people • 1950 Himalayan Mountains : An 8.6 magnitude earthquake killed 8500 people • 1960 Chile : An immensely powerful 9.2 magnitude earthquake killed 22000 people • 1976 China : An 8.0 magnitude earthquake struck the high density region of Tangshan and killed an estimated 655000 people • 2005 Pakistan : A strong 7.7 magnitude earthquake killed an estimated 75000 people

19. ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES • Business interruption can definitely result from damage to a building’s structural foundations. • Damage to manufacturing, office equipment, and inventory; loss of materials due to losses experienced by an afflicted supplier; loss of electrical current or other core services necessary to operate the facility; interruption of the transportation system to deliver supplies or finished products; diminished consumer base due to damage to facilities or inability to access a facility; or a decrease in employees due to death or injury. • A catastrophic earthquake could affect government functions especially at the local and state levels. • Earthquakes can reduce future revenues and increase costs resulting from response activities like recovery efforts and redevelopment initiatives.

20. SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES • Earthquakes mercilessly damage homes and buildings. • Their pulsations/thump and waves knock fragile and even sturdy objects. • Earthquakes cause irreparable damage to essential household and society at large. • Earthquake: Necessary Citizen Response • Proper citizen response requires that you are prepared before the earthquake; know what to do during an earthquake, and finally what actions to take once the earthquake is over.

21. BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE • Preparing an emergency plan for your household or office floor which details which secure location to take refuge. • Taking a first aid course, especially one including CPR, or cardio pulmonary resuscitation, techniques. • Shying away from having too many windows in an office building or home; glass is easily shattered. • Gaining familiarity with the external natural gas and utilities regulators in your house so in case of an earthquake, you are able to ensure basic needs can be met. • Making a stockpile of batteries, food, water, flashlights and bedding in the situation that power and running water are stopped.

22. EARTHQUAKE: NECESSARY GOVERNMENT RESPONSE • In regards to economic and qualitative research, little has been conducted on the overall effects of a major disaster • Despite the fact that emergency service professionals have significantly expanded the effort on emergency-response planning. • Post-earthquake governmental costs include: debris removal and disposal, urban search and rescue efforts, fire-fighting, emergency medical services, provision of temporary shelter, overtime for salaried governmental workers for administrative services, and the inability to invest in new, productive projects because of repair and reconstruction costs associated with damaged publicly owned facilities.

23. RESEARCH • Governments must invest in more modeling data and research to better allocate funds in event of an earthquake. • Such data can be generated in many ways in both the public and private sector. • Help insurance agencies to make an investment for future.

24. EARTHQUAKE: CASE STUDY OF THE 2005 KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE • Taking the world by shock, the 7.6 magnitude earthquake that rocked Northern Pakistan during the Muslim month of Ramadan was utterly devastating. • The seismic activity was traced to the fault line between the Eurasian and Indian plates—the same two plates that crashed together to form the majestic Himalayan Mountains. • The constant collisions, friction and tension generated through this fault line make the region a seismic hotspot, and this specific earthquake occurred directly on the course of the agitated fault.

25. CONSEQUENCES • The Pakistani government officially recorded a death toll of 87,250. • However, most independent assessments lend that the death toll was in fact in excess of 100,000. • Additionally, nearly 3.3 million were left homeless in Pakistan during one of the coldest winter snowfalls in recent years in the region.  • Furthermore, reports place that the earthquake injured 106,000. In economic terms, the damages incurred were 30,000 crore Rupees which is well over 5 billion US Dollars. • Ultimately, the damages incurred by this earthquake put a dramatic damper on one of many forward progressing regions in the area. • The death toll destroyed a significant portion of Pakistan’s current and future economic base, crippling the hopes of the country.

26. CITIZEN RESPONSE • As the earthquakes hit, most citizens of the region were praying during the holy month of Ramadan in mosques or schools. • Thus, they were caught unaware and had little time to prepare. • Many attempted to barricade themselves within their houses, but poorly enforced building codes allowed several of these structures to collapse and kill those within. • Others tried to flee the earthquake, but the vibrations traveling through the terrain toppled and maimed/injured them. • Significant damage occurred immediately following the earthquake. • As citizens stood in a state of panic and disarray, they lost sight of medical needs and procedural safeties and risked lives to save people who were already dead and became injured themselves.

27. Government Response • The earthquake can in a sense be considered a unifying force, despite its terrible atrocities, for bringing together the bickering officials of India and Pakistan. • Within moments of the earthquake, Indian officials in New Delhi began preparing medical units and military officers to travel to Pakistani Kashmir and extract individuals from rubble and provide stability. • Additionally, the United Nations, Red Cross and the United States each provided significant manpower and funding in the days immediately following the earthquake. • However, response from Pakistani officials was limited in comparison to external forces. • While officials were able to send military personnel and medical units to the fray quite quickly following the earthquake, the scene remained disorganized and fragmented until third party aid arrived. Without the relative calmness they brought, nothing could be done to quell the fears and cries of injured or saddened victims.