Key Issue 2

1. Key Issue 2 Where are Migrants Distributed?

2. Globally, Asia, Latin America, Africa net out-migration (what does this mean?) North America, Europe, Oceania net in-migration 3 largest migrant flows are to Europe from Asia, to N.A. from Asia & from L.A. Global pattern reflects migration from LDC-MDC Head to wealthier countries for income opportunities Population of U.S. includes about 30 million migrants ½ immigrants-L.A. ¼ Asia & Europe Global Migration Patterns

3. Global Migration Patterns • Highest % immigrants found in the Middle East-about ½ region’s total population • UAE more than 90% immigrants • Kuwait more than 70% • Reason for this is oil and job opportunities

4. U.S. direct descendants of immigrants 3 main eras of immigration 1st-initial settlement of colonies-English or African slaves 2nd-mid 19th century Peaked early 20th century-immigrants mainly from Europe during this era 3rd-began in 1970s and continues today-3/4 from L.A. & Asia during this era Despite origins, reasons for migrating remain same-rapid population growth limited economic advancement-were in stage 2 U.S. Immigration Patterns

5. Colonial Immigration from England and Africa • Africans forced to migrate to U.S. as slaves • Europeans were voluntary migrants (bad economic conditions & persecution prevailed) which caused Europeans to migrate • 90% European immigration prior to 1840 came from Great Britain • African Americans descended from Africans forced to migrate to Western Hemisphere as slaves (400,000 shipped as slaves to 13 colonies)

6. Since Columbus sailed from Spain-Western Hemisphere about 65 million Europeans migrated to other continents 40 million of them came to the U.S. 1st Peak of European Immigration 90% of all U.S. immigrants during 1840-50s came from Northern and Western Europe 2/5 from Ireland & 1/3 from Germany Economic push factors was reason for Irish & German migration 19th Century Immigration from Europe

7. 2nd peak of European immigration-1880s ¾ from Europe-Industrial Revolution diffused to other European countries Population growing rapidly-entering stage 2 of demographic transition (rapidly declining death rates) Migrated to cities and other countries for jobs or farmland 3rd peak-economic problems in U.S. in early 1890s discouraged immigration 1907-record year with 1.3 million immigrants 19th Century Immigration (continued)

8. 3rd Peak-19th century Immigration (continued) • During this peak 90% came from other countries in Europe i.e. Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary (present day Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Rep., Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine) • Southern Europe for same reasons as Northern & Western Europe

9. Immigration dropped during 1930s & 40s due to Great Depression & WW II Immigration from Asia-19th century, early 20th century-1 million from China, Turkey, & Japan Asia lead immigration late 1970s and late 1980s During 1990s & 2000s China (including Hong Kong), Phillipines, India, & Vietnam Asians make up 40% of Canadian immigrants, but compared to U.S. receives a higher % of Europeans & lower % of Latin Americans Immigration from Latin America-2 million to U.S. 1820-1960, 11 million 1960-2000 Mexico passed Germany during 1980s as country that sent more immigrants to U.S. currently at 8 million Recent Immigration from Less Developed Regions

10. Recent Immigration (continued) • Dominican Republic-2nd, El Salvador-3rd • 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act-issued visas to several hundred thousand who had entered U.S. in previous years without legal documents • People still pushed from their countries into U.S. for economic opportunities and social advancement

11. Legacy of European Migration-ended with start of WW I in 1914 Europe’s Demographic Transition-rapid population growth caused Emigration-stage 2 with high growth rate-limited opportunities for economic advancement European governments tried to promote efficient agriculture turning small farms into larger farms Larger units (farms) was to be divided among relatives Consolidation policy known as “enclosure movement”-this forced millions of people to emigrate from rural areas to working in factories in large cities or migrating to U.S. where farmland is plentiful Most European countries have very low natural increase rates (stage 4 of demographic transition) and are capable of meeting needs of their people Impact of Immigration on U.S.

12. Emigration of 65 million Europeans changed world cultures Brought cultural heritage to their new homes Indo-European languages spoken by ½ world’s people; Christianity Migrated to Asia and Africa; imposed political domination on existing population i.e. India, South Africa In Latin America European migrants established plantations Most conflicts stem from former European colonies and immigration Diffusion of European Culture

13. # of people who wish to migrate here are higher than what quotas permit Entering illegally-undocumented immigrants Do not know exactly what # is-BCIS (U.S. Bureau of Citizenship & Immigration Services) People who are here illegally want opportunities to work-more than one million try to cross U.S. borders Foreigners who do not have work visas have 2 choices if they want to work here-enter as students, tourists & remain here & other ½ slip across border without passport and visa Undocumented Immigration to U.S.

14. Once they are here, become “documented” by purchasing forged documents (including birth certificate, alien registration card, SS#) If caught, deported back to home country 1986 Immigration Reform & Control Act-tried to reduce flow of illegals Under law, aliens who could prove they had lived in U.S. 1982-1987 could become permanent resident aliens and apply for U.S. citizenship after 5 years Seasonal workers could also qualify Undocumented Immigration (continued)

15. Recent immigrants not evenly distributed through U.S. More than ½ clustered in 4 states Arrive by car or plane Proximity definitely influences where migrants relocate Chain Migration-migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of same nationality migrated there Job prospects another factor where people migrate Destination of Immigrants within U.S.