Performance Management

1. Performance Management Management = getting work done through others Manager’s performance is only as good as his/her employee’s performance Manager’s job = performance management of others

2. Performance Management Organizational system Focusing on employee performance Consistently applied throughout organization With a supporting structure

3. Names of Systems Performance Management Performance Appraisals Evaluation Systems Job Review Systems Feedback Systems

4. Performance Management Ensuring appropriate performance by all employees through: -Reinforcement -Rewards -Modeling -Coaching -Training -Development Using a consistent feedback system

5. Working of Performance Management Managers Speaks with Employee re: performance Continuously Once per Year Formal goals Organizational Reporting System Tied to Organizational Outcomes

6. Examples of System Output Words and What They Mean Exceptionally well qualified Made no major errors yet Active socially Parties & drinks too much Family is active socially Family drinks too much Plans for advancement Buys drinks for all of the boys Aggressive Obnoxious Uses logic on difficult jobs Gets someone else to do it Expresses himself well Speaks the local language Has Leadership qualities Is tall or has a loud voice Keen sense of humour Knows lots of dirty jokes Career-minded Back-stabber Relaxed attitude Sleeps at work Work is first priority Too ugly to get a date Independent worker Nobody knows what he does Good communication skills Talks on phone lots Loyal Can’t get another job

7. PERFORMANCE =Doing present job at acertain level (high or low) as measured by a formal system POTENTIAL = Includes future service, learning interest, motivation level

8. PROBLEM = Deviation from expectations Do something in different way Not do something Do something not expected/needed

9. Opportunity Reinforce/Reward Behavior Change Behavior Model Behavior Establish Culture

10. PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT -Based on Scientific Management concepts -Focus on observable performance -Goal directed -Planning required and formalized -Consistent, continuous collection, analysis, and collection of data -Value of feedback reinforced -Facilitates benchmarking

11. Performance ManagementTrends Shift from viewing financial figures as main criteria to one of multiple indicators More weight on indicators of efficiency and effectiveness Change to viewing PM as on-going, evolving process

12. Principles of Performance Management Supports business-oriented strategy Is values based Communicates organizational mission Fulfills responsibilities to organizational members Enables employees to manage own performance Manages expectations (clarifies roles and responsibilities) Creates partnership between management and employee Emphasizes importance of measurement, feedback, and reinforcement Empowers employees Natural extension of management

13. Key PM Questions 1. Why assess performance 2. What performance to asses 3. How to assess performance 4. Who do assess performance 5. When to assess performance 6. How to communicate performance assessment

14. The WHY of Performance Management Systems -Administer Salary & Wages -Correct Performance/Behavior -Plan for Future (promotion, transfer, career dev) -Facilitate Decision-Making (counseling, terminations) -Facilitate Human Resource Planning -Create Culture -Building Good Relationships -Increase Organizational Loyalty -Determine Effectiveness of Selection and Placement Methods

15. WHAT to Assess Skills/Abilities/Needs/Traits of Individuals That Interact with the Organization to Produce Behaviors Which Result in Outcomes

17. Measures Focus Consistent indicators across industry or similar organizations Comparison of indicators over time in organization Comparisons with pre-determined standard

18. Approaches to PM Comparative Attribute Behavioral

19. HOW to Assess Performance Traditional Management-by-Objective Assessment Center Peer Review Panel Critical Events Upward Feedback 360 Degree

20. Techniques of PM Essay (open-ended) Management by Objective Ranking Paired Comparisons Forced Choice Forced Distribution Ratings: -Checklist -Scales -Behaviorally Anchored Ratings (BARS) Critical Incidents

21. Essay Technique Describe in detail the quantity and quality of the employee’s performance during the past twelve months. Describe the employee’s strength and weakness. How do you describe the employee’s potential within the company? What leadership skills does the employee bring to the job? What future development activities do you recommend for the employee?

22. Examples of essays on PMs…. His men would follow him anywhere, but only out of curiosity. I would not suggest breeding for this person. When she opens her mouth, it seems that it is only to change the foot that was previously there. He has carried out each of his duties to his entire satisfaction. He would be out of his depth in a car park puddle. This person is like a gyroscope: always spinning at a fast pace, but not really going anywhere. This person has delusions of adequacy.

23. Continued examples…. Since my last report, he has reached rock bottom and is digging. She sets low personal standards and then consistently fails to meet them. He has the wisdom of youth & the energy of old age. This person should go far. And, the sooner he starts, the better. In my opinion, this pilot should not be authorized to fly below 250 meters. This person works well under constant supervision and when cornered. This man is depriving a village somewhere of its idiot.

24. Management-by-ObjectiveExamples Employee will contribute to organizational profit margin by lower costs in department by 3.5percent. To implement new recruitment system, the employee will evaluate the effectiveness of the advertisements placed during the year.

25. Ranking Example Manager ranks all employees from best to worst: Overall performance On specific criteria (communication, customer relations skills, etc.)

26. Paired Comparisons Example Rank each employee grouping overall or on a characteristic: Employee A and Employee B Employee B and Employee C Employee A and Employee C Employee C and Employee D Employee D and Employee A Employee D and Employee B etc.

27. Forced Distribution Example Pace each of the employees in your department in the following categories based upon overall or specific category performance: Top 10 percent: 10-49 percent: 50 – 89 percent: Bottom 10 percent: Outstanding: Average: Good: Below Average: Unacceptable:

28. General Electric’s DistributionThe Vitality Curve Promotability HighMediumLimited Top Performers 10% Highly Valued 70% Least Effective 20%

29. Ratings Example: Checklists Program Auditor: _____ 1. Unable to separate important from irrelevant data. _____ 2. Omits important info from summaries. _____ 3. Cross-references to improve reporting. _____ 4. Produces summaries which lead to good reports. _____ 5. Requires excessive instruction to produce work. _____ 6. Unable to reduce data to manageable form. _____ 7. Communicates well with peers on reports. _____ 8. Fails to meet deadlines. _____ 9. Provides detailed, professional work. _____ 10. Protects confidentiality of information.

30. Ratings Example: Scales Rate the employee’s behavior on the scale provided. Excellent Good Fair Poor N/A 4 3 2 1 ___ Reasoning ability 4 3 2 1 ___ Decisiveness in Decision-making 4 3 2 1 ___ Imagination & originality 4 3 2 1 ___ Ability to plan and control 4 3 2 1 ___ Cooperation with peers 4 3 2 1 ___ Cooperation with management 4 3 2 1 ___ Professionalism 4 3 2 1 ___ Interpersonal skills 4 3 2 1 ___

31. Citibank’s Performance Scorecard

32. Citibank’s Performance Scorecard..

33. Ratings Example: BARS Indicate the appropriate level of performance on each factor: Quantity of work Quality of work Judgment Volume low & erratic Volume above expectations Satisfactory steady volume Results accurate and thorough Results generally inaccurate and not thorough Results always accurate; model work Does not always show good judgment; problem analysis not always adequate Systematic, analytical, good with complex problems Practical judgment, solves problems, difficulty with assessing relative value of factors

34. Microsoft Competency Toolkit FACTOR: Individual Excellence COMPETENCY: Intellectual Horsepower (is bright, intellectual sharp, learns quickly)

35. Microsoft Competency Toolkit FACTOR: Long-term Approach COMPETENCY: Developing people (provides job-relevant learning, developmental exercises, and feedback to enhance individual performance)

36. Critical Incident Example Employee Name:___________________________________ Date of Incident:__________________ Type of Incident:___________________________________ Individuals Involved: Description of Incident: Outcome of Incident: Recommendations: Date Discussed with Employee:____________ Supervisor Signature:______________________________ Employee Signature: ______________________________

38. Criteria for Performance Measures Relevant Reliable Discriminating Practical

39. Problems with Performance Measures Controllability Motivational impact “Fallout” Role Modeling Impact Reliability Relevance Control

40. WHO Should Assess Performance Superior Only Subordinate(s) Peers/Coworkers Self Customers Others Subordinates All Stakeholders

41. How to Communicate PM Info Orally In Writing Formally Informally Public Private Moderated

42. Handling Performance Issues What to do Where to start How to do it

43. PROBLEM = Deviation from expectations Do something differently Not do something Do something not expected/needed

44. PROBLEM ID PRELIMINARY SCAN What shouldn’t be happening? Impact of this? Worth pursuing? ORGANIZATIONAL SCAN Match strategic plan? Critical functions missing? Culture and performance gaps? FUNCTIONAL JOB ANALYSIS Specific job deficiencies? Job knowledge and training?

45. CAUSAL ANALYSIS ID: When problem began What else has changed PARETO’S LAW: Rule of 20/80 “80% of any problem is caused by 20% of possible causes.”

46. CAUSES OFPERFORMANCE PROBLEMS -Lack of ability -Low motivation -Poor work ethic -Substance abuse -Personal problems -Lack of time -Poor peer relationships -Unfamiliarity with equipment or process

47. ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS • Return to old system • Fire, transfer, hire new • Train • Reassign or isolate • RATE EACH BY: • -Contribution to Objectives • (high, medium, low) • -Cost to fix and to ignore • (high, medium, low) • RANK IN ORDER

48. Training & Development Definition: planned, continuous effort by management to improve employee competency levels and org performance. TRAINING: provide learners with knowledge & skills for job DEVELOPMENT: prepare organization and employees to keep pace with industry and fields of expertise

49. Skill requirements change with more work complexity Workers more educated Workers more diverse Org restructuring continues Training often outsourced More technology use in Training Training Departments = Brokers J-I-T and J-W-I-N Training Grow Increase on human performance T & D TRENDS

50. Factors Influencing T & D Top management support Commitments from Specialists and Generalists Technological Advances Organizational Complexity Behavioral Science Knowledge Learning Principles Performance of Other Human Resource Functions