New Political Ideas

1. WORLD HISTORYUnit #7 – Late Modern Euro HistoryLesson #203Ideologies and Revolutionsof Early 1800s

2. New Political Ideas • Conservatism • Liberalism • Socialism • Industrialization • Marxism WHAT IS THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT, WHEN IT COMES TO FACTORIES AND WORKERS?

3. Conservatism • Describe “conservative” • This was the “old” belief structure • It supported Kings and Nobles having control • Hobbes had said you need a powerful leader with complete control • Otherwise… • Man would kill other men…

4. Liberalism • Liberalism was the new idea of the new and growing Middle Class • These men were “self made” • And, they expected to have laws protecting what they created (their factories) • LAISSEZ FAIRE • They believed the workers chose to be just workers

5. Socialism • Socialists expected governments to protect the workers • They saw factory owners treating people like machines • And thought that was unfair • And wanted government to force businesses to protect the workers

6. Liberalism vs. Socialism Describe why each was “right.” LIBERALISM SOCIALISM • Should businesses be allowed to treat workers however they want, to maximize profits? • Should government force businesses to pay a “fair wage,” and provide benefits?

7. Britain, post Napoleon • Parliament still manipulated by the king • Post war – economy was messy • Led to a Tory ministry (only 8% could vote) • How could they justify that small number? • Conservative • Supported landed wealthy • Corn Law – tariff on grain imports • Combination Acts – outlawed unions • Coercion Act of 1817 – suspension of habeas corpus and freedom of speech • Led to Peterloo massacre (1819) • Militia called in to dispurse – 11 killed

8. Who should be allowed to vote? • In your group, devise a law that discusses voting rights • What restrictions should be placed on voting? • Examples: age, knowledge, experience, location of where you were born, wealth, etc. • Who should be allowed to govern? • What limits should be placed on them?

9. Golden Age of Middle Class • People started defining themselves by a class • Developed class awareness • Classes developed personality • Why was Middle Class gaining in power and influence? • Spheres for women became more pronounced and defined • Men (and women) protected the integrity of women like it was an “investment” • What does “home, sweet home” mean? Cotton imports & Iron exports

10. In your group, come up with a definition of MIDDLE CLASS

11. Opposition to Middle Class • William Blake: factories = “satanic mills” • William Wordsworth: sad for end of rural life • Marx & Engels • Conditions of the Working Class (1844) • “I charge the English Middle Classes with mass murder, wholesale robbery and all the other crimes on the calendar” • Reality: industrial competition led to cheaper products and more availability to the masses • So… were the factory owners really “monsters”? • LUDDITES THOUGHT SO… Marx and Engels 1m explanation Luddites destroying machines

12. New Ideas about Society • Workers treated as machines • Karl Marx said, this makes them PROLETARIAT • Proletariat will protest • Proletariat will eventually overthrow factory owners • Create a classless society • Everyone is equal WHY IS THIS FLAWED?

13. Failure of Marxism • Marx believed Proletariat was destined to overpower owners • And create a new society • He called his system “communism” • (based on communal property) • But, socialists scored government laws • Working conditions improved • Marx prediction did not come true WHY NOT?

14. Common worker • Factory Act of 1833 • legislation more responsive to needs of the common man • Pulled kids out of them factories and mines • WHY WILL THIS CAUSE WOMEN TO BE PULLED OUT, AND BECOME HOME-MAKERS? • First 100 years – workers treated like machines • By 1840 – wages rose substantially • Mechanism did make clothing cheaper • Adults still worked an 11 hour day • Diets improved – more varied • Housing – remained deplorable Robert Owen

15. How is the Factory Act of 1833 going to help the kids, but hurt the feminist movement? Does this make the FACTORY ACT of 1833 a good thing, or a bad thing?

17. New Ideologies • Conservatism • Not new • Tories • Classical Liberalism • Whigs • Factory owners • Nationalism • Giuseppe Mazzini – Duties of Man • Socialism • Government MUST protect all citizens • Marxist Socialism • Romanticism

18. Socialism • A general concept, united by • Intense desire to help the poor • Pushed to close gap between rich and poor • Private property regulated to some degree • Henri de Saint-Simon • Saw aristocracy as “parasites” • Saw scientists, engineers, industrialists as “doers” • Charles Fourier • Envisioned socialist utopia of 1,620 person self-sufficient community • Abolition of marriage • Free unions, based on love and sexual freedom

19. Robert Owen – Utopian Socialist 8 hours work 8 hours recreation 8 hours rest • Purchased a cotton mill in Scotland ~1800 • Most workers were lowest in society • 500 of 2000 employees were pauper kids • Others were drunkards, thieves, weak moral fiber • Pay was in tokens – called TRUNK SYSTEM • Factory owned stores were called TRUNK SHOPS • Owen opened a store selling quality goods • Wholesale prices - Savings passed on to consumer • Alcohol under strict supervision • Care for young • Founder of infant child care in Britain • Children brought up were “graceful, genial, unconstrained” • Owen’s relationship with workers remained excellent Health, contentment prevailed Drunkenness almost unknown Illegitimacy very rare

20. Will Owen’s plan work?

21. Nationalism • United by common culture, history and language • Government should represent your nationality • Could lead to cultural superiority • Giuseppe Mazzini – Duties of Man • Formed YOUNG ITALY • To set Italy free from Austrian dominance • WHY NOW? • Post- Napoleon – he was the teacher of the value of Nationalism • Village system HAD been source of identity… had been disrupted with Enclosures

22. GIVE EXAMPLES – 3 FROM GROUP When can nationalism be a good thing? When can nationalism be a BAD thing? GIVE AN EXAMPLE FROM GROUP

23. Utilitarianism • Laws for the greatest good for the greatest number of people • Jeremy Bentham • Thought poor were poor b/c they lacked motivation to work hard • Created workshops • Very cold, impersonal, uncomfortable • National guard rounded up homeless • Theory: pain > pleasure = you’d work your way out of predicament

24. Romanticism • Rejection of the order of Neo-classism • Filled with drama and emotion • From “STURM AND DRANG” (storm and stress) (1770s) • William Wordsworth – wrote how ordinary things and behaviors became majestic • George Sand – a divorced woman • Brothers Grimm – German folk tales • Ludwig von Beethoven – wildly powerful emotional music • Joseph Turner & Eugene Delecroix • Nature is powerful • life is colorful, emotional and full of drama; exotic subjects Beethoven’s 5th Eroica

25. Romanticism

26. Analysis • What appears to be happening all over Europe in early 1800s? • Provide evidence • Who seems to be gaining power? • Provide evidence • Who will be new leading nation in Europe? • Provide evidence

27. Ireland Depopulated Ireland 1841 – 8 million 1851 – 6.5 million 1901 – 4.5 million 2001 – 5.5 million • Was a colony of Britain • Life was repress • life and horrible • Population doubled in 1700s • 3 million 1725 • 8 million 1780 • Family of 6 lived on a single acre • Introduction of potato ensured survival • Totally dependent on potato • Wore out soil • Led to fungus blight 1845, 1846, 1848 • Great Potato Famine • 1.5 million died of starvation in just 10 years • 1 million emigrated • Created resentment

29. History of early 19th century, post Napoleon

30. Congress of Vienna • Ultimate goal: create a lasting peace • Why is this needed? • How will they do that? • Members at this “Congress” represented the “old order” • What is the “old order”? (Old Regime) • Who do you think they blamed? • Congress saw the rising Middle Class as dangerous – what will they do about it? • War had been used to benefit a nation • But now, war is feared – why? • (hint: Napoleon’s wars were “total” wars) • New goal: avoid war at all costs • Congress created mechanisms to prevent war • Reaction: laws and leaders to encourage conservative values; repress all mid. class ideas Congress of Vienna

31. Congress of Vienna • Formation of new states (as kingdoms) • Kingdom of the Netherlands • Kingdom of the Two Sicilies • Switzerland • Reinstatement of Bourbon dynasty in France • Polandput back on the map • Napoleon had created the Dutch of Warsaw • German Confederation (39 states) • Napoleon had created Confed of Rhine from the Holy Roman Empire • Leadership: Austrian Empire • Formation of Quadruple Alliance Congress of Vienna 3m diag description

32. Redrawing the map of Europe Congress of Vienna

33. What does it show about the direction of a Post-Napoleon Europe in terms of political leadership? For all his faults, what did Napoleon do FOR European leadership and organization, quite by accident?

34. Problem for the Conservatives…Liberal Middle Class was on the rise, and taking hold in some pockets. Liberal rebellions and Nationalism would flair up in parts of Europe wanting a new direction.For example…

35. France, post Napoleon • Louis XVIII (1815-1824) • Brother to Louis XVI • Constitutional Charter (1814) • Two house legislature • Limited suffrage (0.3%) • Died 1824 • Charles X (1824-1830) • Brother of Louis and Louis • Repudiated charter • Restricted press • Paris mob attacked July 1830 - REBELLION

36. France, 1830 • Charles X (1824-1830) • Charles forced to abdicate • Parliament chose new king • Cousin to Charles – house of Orleans • Louis Philippe (1830-1848) • new king is chosen by legislature • “Citizen King” since he was chosen • “July Monarchy” since it happened in July • Increased suffrage to 0.5% • but, was a rather corrupt government • And, it only helped “haupt bourgeois” • Sets France up for… what do YOU think?

37. This is the Les Mis French Revolution, often called the “SECOND FRENCH REV”

38. How is this similar to the original French Revolution? If only the very rich middle class would benefit, what will eventually happen?

39. Other Rebellions in 1830 and 1848

40. Liberal Rebellions in 1830 • Italy • Mazzini pushed the Young Italy • EXTREMELY nationalistic • CRUSHED by the Austrian army (up north) • Russia supported independence • Poland • Hated the new control the Russians had over them • Army officers rose up • Rebellion CRUSHED by the Russian army • Germany & Britain • Not at all violent • Germany – not at all organized • Britain – led to a change in voting – suffrage for Liberal (factory owners) – Great Reform Bill 1832

41. How is France going to become the symbol for all of Europe?

42. Successful Rebellions in 1830 • Serbia • Formed from Ottoman Empire • EXTREMELY nationalistic • Strove to unite all Serbs into one nation-state • Russia supported independence • Belgium • Requested independence from Kingdom of Netherlands • Had to remain neutral • Not allowed a robust military • Will become an issue prior to WWI

43. Formation of Greece, 1830 • Greece • Formed from Ottoman Empire • EXTREMELY nationalistic • Maintained own culture, language, history • Sparked inspiration from Romantic circles • Lord Byron • War for independence broke out 1821 • Supported by Russia • Fully independent 1830 (DBQ 2002)

44. Rebellion broke out AGAIN in 1848 Guess where? Why?

45. Revolution in France, 1848 • Poor harvest in 1847 • Poor effected most • Louis Philippe – stubborn inaction & complacency • FEBRUARY DAYS • Yet another Rebellion broke out in Feb. 1848 • Workers and students tore up cobblestones • Created barricades • National guard joined commoners • Louis Philippe abdicated – in favor of grandson • France declared itself a republic

46. Revolution in France, 1848 • Provisional government opened national workshops in Spring, 1848 • Wrote new constitution – powerful executive • To be elected in fall • New National Assembly elections in June • Thousands swarmed Paris for jobs • New government was conservative • Closed workshops down • Caused new rebellion: JUNE DAYS • Conservative Government punished rebels

47. The saying goes, when France sneezes, Europe gets a cold. What does that mean? Revolution will now spill into other areas of Europe

48. Revolution in Austria, 1848 March 1848 • Vienna broke out in rebellion • Hungarians rejected Vienna’s leadership • Students led rebellion • Metternich fled in disguise Emperor fled • Czechs joined rebellion • Italians joined rebellion for independence • Austrian army responded by bombarding capital • Russians provided troops • Rebellion crushed; order restored

49. Revolution in Prussia, 1848 March 1848 • Popular disturbancesin Berlin • King FW refused to attack civilians with army • Frederick William allowed for Prussian constituent assembly to write a constitution • FW suggested he’s support a Const. Monarchy FRANKFURT PARLIAMENT met, wrote a constitution – wrote in FW as head of state • FW refused crown in 1849 • Rebellion just fizzled out

50. Revolution in Italy, 1848 • November 1848 • Italy targeted by Nationalists • Nationalists asked Pope for help to remove French and Austrians • Pope refused, then fled • Italy declared a Roman Republic END OF ITALIAN INDEPENDENCE • Frencharrived in 1849 • Wrested control • Remained until 1870 war against Prussians