105 AIR COMBAT ELEMENT (ACE) FUNDAMENTALS

1. 105 AIR COMBAT ELEMENT (ACE) FUNDAMENTALS

2. 105.1 Explain the mission and purpose of Marine Corps aviation. The primary mission of Marine Corps aviation is to participate as the air component of the MAGTF in the seizure and defense of advance naval bases and to conduct such land operations as may be essential for the prosecution of a naval campaign.

3. 105.2 Explain the six functions of Marine Corps aviation. MAGTF aviation tasks are divided into six functional areas that guide the commander in planning aviation allocation and employment.

4. OAS CAS DAS Antiair Warfare Offensive AAW Air Defense Active air defense Passive air defense Assault Support Combat assault transport Aerial delivery operations Aerial refueling Air evacuation TRAP Air logistical support Battlespace illumination Air Reconnaissance Visual Reconnaissance Multisensor Imagery Reconnaissance Electronic Reconnaissance EW electronic attack (EA) electronic protection EW support Control of Aircraft and Missiles 105.2 Explain the six functions of Marine Corps aviation.

5. 1. OAS • OAS is “those air operations conducted against enemy installations, facilities, and personnel to directly assist the attainment of MAGTF objectives by the destruction of enemy resources or the isolation of his military force.” . OAS includes the categories of: • (1) CAS. Close Air Support • (2) DAS. Deep Air Support.

6. 1. OAS (Con’t) • (1) CAS. Close Air Support • CAS is “air action by fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft against hostile targets which are in close proximity to friendly forces and which require detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of those forces.” • (2) DAS. Deep Air Support. • DAS is “air action against enemy targets at such a distance from friendly forces that detailed integration of each mission with fire and movement of friendly forces is not required. Deep air support missions are flown on either side of the fire support coordination line; the lack of a requirement for close coordination with the fire and movement of friendly forces is the qualifying factor.” DAS missions include strike coordination, air interdiction, and armed reconnaissance.

7. 2. Antiair Warfare AAW is “that action required to destroy or reduce to an acceptable level the enemy air and missile threat. It includes such measures as the use of: • Interceptors • Bombers • Antiair-craft guns • Surface-to-air • And air-to-air missiles • Electronic attack • And destruction of the air or missile threat both before and after it is launched. AAW includes both offensive and defensive means to accomplish its objective.

8. AAW (Con’t)AAW includes both offensive and defensive means to accomplish its objective. (1) Offensive AAW • Offensive AAW constitutes operations conducted against the enemy air or air defense system before it can be launched or assume an attacking role. • Consist mainly of air attacks to destroy or neutralize hostile: • Aircraft • Airfields • Radars • air defense systems • and supporting areas.

9. (2) Air Defense. • Air defense includes all defensive measures designed to destroy attacking enemy aircraft or missiles in the earth’s atmosphere or to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of such attack. • There are two forms of air defense: • Active • Passive

10. Active air defense is direct defensive action taken to destroy attacking enemy aircraft or missiles or to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of such an attack. Passive air defense constitutes all measures, other than active defense, taken to minimize the effects of hostile air action Air Defense (Con’t)

11. 3. Assault Support • The use of aircraft to provide tactical mobility and logistic support for the MAGTF, the movement of high priority cargo and personnel within the immediate area of operations, in-flight refueling, and the evacuation of personnel and cargo.” • The tasks of assault support fall within the following seven categories:

12. Assault Support cont. • (1) Combat assault transport • (2) Aerial delivery operations • (3) Aerial refueling • (4) Air evacuation • (5) TRAP • (6) Air logistical support • (7) Battlespace illumination

13. 4. Air Reconnaissance Air reconnaissance is “the acquisition of intelligence information by employing visual observation and/or sensors in air vehicles.” The 3 areas we will discuss are: • Visual Reconnaissance • Multi-sensor Imagery Reconnaissance • Electronic Reconnaissance

14. 5. EW EW is “any military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy.” The three major subdivisions of EW are: • electronic attack (EA) • electronic protection • and EW support.

15. 6. Control of Aircraft and Missiles The control of aircraft and missiles involves the coordinated employment of facilities, equipment, communications, procedures, and personnel that allows the ACE commander to plan, direct, and control the efforts of the ACE to support accomplishment of the MAGTF’s mission.

16. 105.3 Explain the composition, mission, and purpose of a Marine Aircraft Wing (MAW). Organizationally • Marine aviation is divided into three active duty MAWs and one Reserve MAW. • Each MAW has a unique organizational structure • The MAW provides the personnel and equipment for the MAGTF ACE. Operationally • The ACE supports a MEF with one or more MAWs. • The ACE supports a MEU with a task-organized squadron • The ACE normally supports an SPMAGTF with a task-organized squadron • Actual squadron composition will depend on mission requirements. MAWs include Marine aircraft, air control, and wing support groups. Each group includes the squadrons and/or battalions that are necessary to complete the groups’ roles in Marine aviation. Each of the four wings may have a different organization; however, each wing is capable of performing all six functions of Marine aviation.

17. Explain the composition, mission, and purpose of a Marine Aircraft Wing (MAW).

18. 105.4 What is the function of a Marine Wing Support Group (MWSG)? The MWSG provides all essential ground support requirements to aid designated fixed- or rotary-wing components of a Marine FOB. The group is organized to provide motor transport, engineering services, and organizational maintenance.

19. 105.5 What is the function of a Marine Air Control Group (MACG)? • MACG headquarters coordinates all aspects of air command and control and air defense within the MAW. • It provides the command and staff functions for the MACG commander when deployed as part of the MAGTF ACE.

20. 105.6 What is the function of a Marine Aircraft Group (MAG)? The MAG is an administrative and tactical CE. It is the smallest aviation unit that is designed for independent operations with no outside assistance except access to a source of supply. There are two types of MAGs within the MAW: • Rotary-wing (MAG VH) • The primary mission is to provide assault support. • Fixed-wing (MAG VF/VA). • The primary mission is to conduct AAW and OAS operations from advance bases, FOBs, and aircraft carriers.

21. 105.7 What is the Air Combat Element (ACE) of a Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF) and how does it relate to the support/supported concept of operations? Typically, the ACE supports a MEF with one or more MAWs. Support to the MEF may include assets from more than one MAW that are task organized to form a MAW (reinforced).

22. 105.8 What is the ACE of a Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU)? The ACE supports a MEU with a task-organized squadron that usually consists of a mix of: • Rotary-wing aircraft • Short take-off and landing aircraft • A Marine air control group (MACG) detachment • Marine aviation logistics squadron (MALS) detachments • fixed-wing • rotary-wing

23. 105.9 What is the ACE of a Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB)? The ACE supports a SPMAGTF with a task-organized MAG that usually consists of a mix of: • Rotary-wing aircraft • Short take-off and landing aircraft • A Marine air control group (MACG) detachment • Marine aviation logistics squadron (MALS) detachments • fixed-wing • rotary-wing • Actual squadron composition will depend on mission requirements.

24. 105.10 Discuss the characteristics and employment of the following Marine aircraft: a. UH-1 • The UH-1N is a twin-piloted, twin-engine helicopter used in command and control, resupply, casualty evacuation, liaison and troop transport. The Huey provides utility combat helicopter support to the landing force commander during ship-to-shore movement and in subsequent operations ashore.he aircraft can be outfitted to support operations such as command and control with a specialized communication package (ASC-26), supporting arms coordination, assault support, medical evacuation for up to six litter patients and one medical attendant, external cargo, search and rescue using a rescue hoist, reconnaissance and reconnaissance support, and special operations using a new navigational thermal imaging system mission kit.

25. b. CH-46 (HMM) • The mission of the CH-46E Sea Knight helicopter in a Marine Medium Helicopter (HMM) squadron is to provide all-weather, day/night, night vision goggle (NVG) assault transport of combat troops, supplies, and equipment during amphibious and subsequent operations ashore. Troop assault is the primary function and the movement of supplies and equipment is secondary. Additional tasks are: combat and assault support for evacuation operations and other maritime special operations; over-water search and rescue augmentation; support for mobile forward refueling and rearming points; aeromedical evacuation of casualties from the field to suitable medical facilities.

26. c. CH-53 (HMH) • The CH-53E is a follow-on for its predecessor, the CH-53D. Improvements include the addition of a third engine to give the aircraft the ability to lift the majority of the Fleet Marine Force's equipment, a dual point cargo hook system, improved main rotor blades, and composite tail rotor blades. A dual digital automatic flight control system and engine anti-ice system give the aircraft an all-weather capability. The helicopter seats 37 passengers in its normal configuration and has provisions to carry 55 passengers with centerline seats installed. • The helicopter is capable of lifting 16 tons (14.5 metric tons) at sea level, transporting the load 50 nautical miles (57.5 miles) and returning. A typical load would be a 16,000 pound (7264 kilogram) M198 howitzer or a 26,000 pound (11,804 kilogram) Light Armored Vehicle. The aircraft also can retrieve downed aircraft including another CH-53E. The 53E is equipped with a refueling probe and can be refueled in flight giving the helicopter indefinite range.

27. d. EA-6 (VMAQ) • The Marine Corps EA-6B Prowler provides Airborne Command and Control (C2W) support to Fleet Marine Forces to include electronic attack (EA), tactical electronic support (ES), electronic protection (EP) and high speed anti-radiation missile (HARM).

28. e. FA-18 (VMFA/VMFA(AW)) • The F/A-18 "Hornet" is a single- and two-seat, twin engine, multi-mission fighter/attack aircraft that can operate from either aircraft carriers or land bases. The F/A-18 fills a variety of roles: air superiority, fighter escort, suppression of enemy air defenses, reconnaissance, forward air control, close and deep air support, and day and night strike missions

29. f. AV-8 (VMA) • The mission of the VMA STOVL squadron is to attack and destroy surface and air targets, to escort helicopters, and to conduct other such air operations as may be directed. Specific tasks of the AV-8B HARRIER II include: • Conduct close air support using conventional and specific weapons. • Conduct deep air support, to include armed reconnaissance and air interdiction, using conventional and specific weapons. • Conduct offensive and defensive antiair warfare. This includes combat air patrol, armed escort missions, and offensive missions against enemy ground-to-air defenses, all within the capabilities of the aircraft. • Be able to operate and deliver ordnance at night and to operate under instrument flight conditions. • Be able to deploy for extended operations employing aerial refueling. • Be able to deploy to and operate from carriers and other suitable seagoing platforms, advanced bases, expeditionary airfields, and remote tactical landing sites.

30. g. MV-22 • The V-22 Osprey is a multi-engine, dual-piloted, self-deployable, medium lift, vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) tiltrotor aircraft designed for combat, combat support, combat service support, and Special Operations missions worldwide. It will replace the Corps' aged fleet of CH-46E and CH-53D medium lift helicopters.

31. h. C-130 (VMGR) • The C-130 Hercules primarily performs the intratheater portion of the airlift mission. The aircraft is capable of operating from rough, dirt strips and is the prime transport for paradropping troops and equipment into hostile areas.

32. i. AH-1 (HMLA) • The AH-1W Super Cobra is a day/night marginal weather Marine Corps attack helicopter that provides enroute escort for our assault helicopters and their embarked forces. The AH-1W is a two-place, tandem-seat, twin-engine helicopter capable of land- or sea-based operations. The AH-1W provides fire support and fire support coordination to the landing force during amphibious assaults and subsequent operations

33. l. UAV (VMU) • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are remotely piloted or self-piloted aircraft that can carry cameras, sensors, communications equipment or other payloads. They have been used in a reconnaissance and intelligence-gathering role since the 1950s, and more challenging roles are envisioned, including combat missions

34. 105.11 Discuss the three levels of aviation maintenance. Maintenance tasks divided into the number of levels required so common standards can be applied to the many and varied aircraft maintenance activities of the military establishment. The three levels are depot, intermediate, and organizational.

35. Maintenance cont.Depot, Intermediate, and Organizational D-LEVEL MAINTENANCE - Maintenance done on material requiring major rework or a complete rebuild of parts. I-LEVEL MAINTENANCE - Maintenance which is the responsibility of, and performed by, designated maintenance activities for direct support of using organizations. O-LEVEL MAINTENANCE - Maintenance which is the responsibility of, and performed by, a using organization on its assigned equipment.

36. 105.12 Explain the mission and composition of the following Marine Corps aviation elements: [ref. a]a. Marine Air Control Group • The mission of the MACG is to provide, operate, and maintain the MACCS. The MACG contains subordinate units that provide the major facilities of the MACCS. It normally consists of a MTACS, a Marine air support squadron (MASS), one Marine air control squadron (MACS), a low-altitude air defense (LAAD) battalion, and an MWCS. * The Marine air command and control system provides the aviation combat element commander with the air command and control support facilities and infrastructure necessary to command, coordinate, and control air operations within an assigned area of operations or airspace sector and to coordinate MAGTF air operations with other Services. Principal MACCS agencies/activities are composed of air command and control suites that integrate manual and semiautomatic capabilities to provide air control and direction.

37. 105.12.a.1. Marine Tactical Air Command Squadron (MTACS) • The MTACS provides equipment, maintenance, and operations for the TACC of the ACE as a component of the MAGTF. • -Provide the operational command post (CP) for the ACE • - Assist in coordinating air operations • - Assist in planning air operations. • - Maintains capability to accomplish TACC functions. • - Conduct operations in an NBC and/or EW environment. • - coordinates with other U.S. Services and allies for the conduct of MAGTF air operations in joint and multinational force operations. • - Perform command and staff functions associated with fulfilling the MTACS mission. • - Coordinate with the appropriate commands to plan for the deployment and employment of the squadron.

38. 105.12.a.2. Marine Air Control Squadron (MACS) • The MACS provides air surveillance and control of aircraft and surface-to-air weapons for AAW; continuous all-weather radar and nonradar ATC services and airspace management in support of a MAGTF. • -Perform command and staff functions associated with MACS mission. • - Coordinate plan for the deployment of the squadron and its separately deployable detachments. • - Provide deployable detachments in support of the MAGTF. • - When reinforced with a TMD detachment, provide SAM fires against theater missile attack, and be prepared to engage surviving fixed-wing aircraft and helicopter threats. • - Serve as the operational point of contact between the MACCS and national/international ATC agencies.

39. 105.12.a.3. Marine Wing communications Squadron (MWCS) • The MWCS provides expeditionary communications for the ACE of a MEF, including the phased deployment of task-organized elements thereof. • - Assist in the systems planning and engineering of ACE communications. • - Install, operate, and maintain expeditionary communications for command and control of the MEF ACE. • - Provide operational systems control centers, as required, to coordinate communication functions internally and externally to the ACE. • - Provide deployed wide area network (WAN) and deployed local area network (LAN) server support for the ACE CE and primary MACCS agencies. • - Provide the support cryptographic site for all ground-common and MACCS-assigned communications security equipment within the ACE.

40. 105.12.a.4. Marine Air Support Squadron (MASS) • The MASS provides DASC capabilities for control and coordination of fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft operating in direct support of MAGTF forces. • - Provide operational planning for MAGTF air support operations. • - Receive, coordinate, and process immediate requests for direct air support. • - Provide equipment, facilities, and personnel for the operation of air support elements. • - Conduct air support control as required to meet MAGTF operational requirements. • - Maintain the ability to provide continuous control of direct air support while displacing by echelon. • - Provide personnel and facilities for the simultaneous operation of the DASC and DASC (airborne).

41. 105.12.a.5. Low Altitude Air Defense (LADD) Battalion • The LAAD battalion provides close-in, low-altitude, surface-to-air weapons fires in defense of MAGTF assets defending forward combat areas, maneuver forces, vital areas, installations, and/or units engaged in special/independent operations. • - Provide the effective command, administrative, communications, supply, and logistic support of subordinate batteries. • - Maintain a primary capability as a highly mobile, vehicle-mounted, and man-portable surface-to-air weapons component of the MAGTF • - Provide surface-to-air weapons support • - Provide for the separate deployment of subordinate batteries and platoons to accommodate special tactical situations • - Provide early warning of hostile air threats to other elements of the air defense system.

42. 105.12.b. Marine Aircraft Group (MAG) • The MAG is an administrative and tactical CE. It is the smallest aviation unit that is designed for independent operations with no outside assistance except access to a source of supply. Each MAG is task organized for the assigned mission. • There are two types of MAGs within the MAW: • rotary-wing (MAG VH) • fixed-wing (MAG VF/VA)

43. 105.12.b.1. Marine Aviation Logistics Squadron (MALS) • The MALS provides aviation-logistic support, guidance, and direction to MAG squadrons on behalf of the commanding officer, as well as logistic support for Navy-funded equipment in the supporting MWSS, MACS, and Marine wing mobile calibration complex. • - Provide intermediate-level maintenance for aircraft • - Provide aviation supply support • - Provide class V(A) ammunition logistic support • - Coordinate the Marine aviation logistic support program (MALSP). • - Screen and inspect nonserviceable aeronautical materiel • - Conduct training to qualify organic and supported squadron personnel for performing assigned missions and tasks. • - Provide data processing support to aviation supply

44. 105.12.b.2. Marine Aerial Refueler Transport Squadron (VMGR) • The VMGR provides aerial refueling service in support of Fleet Marine Force (FMF) air operations and provides assault air transport of personnel, equipment, and supplies. • - Provide tactical aerial refueling service • - Provide long-range aerial refueling service • - Provide assault air transport for air-landed and air-delivered troops, supplies, and equipment. • - Provide an aircraft platform for the airborne DASC. • - Provide ground refueling service. • - Provide air transport service for the evacuation of casualties and noncombatants • - Within the capability of assigned aircraft and equipment, maintain the capability to operate with or without the assistance of airborne, surface, or ground controllers.

45. 105.12.b.3. Marine Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron (VMAQ) • The VMAQ conducts airborne EW in support of FMF operations. • - Conduct airborne EA and EW support operations. • - Conduct EA in support of training • - Process and provide mission data for updating and maintaining an electronic order of battle. • - Maintain the capability of operating from aircraft carriers, advance bases, and expeditionary airfields. • - Maintain the capability to operate during darkness and under all weather conditions. • Maintain the capability to deploy or conduct extended-range operations that require aerial refueling. • - Perform organizational maintenance on assigned aircraft.

46. 105.12.b.4. Marine Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadron (VMU) • The VMU operates and maintains a UAV system to provide unmanned aerial reconnaissance support to the MAGTF. • - Conduct reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA). • - Provide real-time target information to the DASC and fire support coordination center (FSCC) • - Provide information to assist adjusting indirect- fire weapons • - Collect battle damage assessments (BDAs). • - Support rear area security. • - Provide remote receive capability and liaison to designated units. • - Conduct training to prepare for tactical employment and combat operations.

47. 105.12.b.5. Marine Fighter/Attack Squadron (VMFA) • The VMFA intercepts and destroys enemy aircraft under all weather conditions and attacks and destroys surface targets. • - Intercept and destroy enemy aircraft under all weather conditions. • - Maintain the capability to attack and destroy surface targets • - Provide escort of friendly aircraft under all weather conditions. • - Maintain the capability to deploy and operate from aircraft carriers and advance bases. • - Conduct day and night CAS under adverse weather conditions. • - Maintain the capability to deploy or conduct extended-range operations by using aerial re-fueling. • - Maintain the capability to conduct suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) operations. • - Perform organizational maintenance on assigned aircraft.

48. 105.12.b.6. Marine All Weather Fighter/Attack Squadron (VMFA/AW) • The VMFA(AW) intercepts and destroys enemy aircraft and surface targets, day or night, under adverse weather conditions. • - Conduct day and night CAS, under all weather conditions. • - Conduct day and night DAS, under adverse weather conditions, • - Conduct multisensor imagery reconnaissance. • - Conduct day and night supporting arms coordination. • - Intercept and destroy enemy aircraft • - Conduct battlespace illumination and target illumination. • - Conduct armed escort of friendly aircraft. • - Operate from aircraft carriers and expeditionary air- fields. • - Conduct extended-range operations by using aerial re-fueling. • - Maintain the capability to conduct SEAD operations. • - Perform organizational maintenance on assigned aircraft.

49. 105.12.b.7. Marine Attack Squadron (VMA) • The VMA attacks and destroys surface targets under day and night visual meteorological conditions and provides helicopter escort. • - Conduct CAS. • - Conduct armed reconnaissance, air interdiction, and strikes against enemy installations • - Conduct air defense operations • - Operate during darkness and under instrument conditions. • - Maintain the capability of deployment or extended operations by employing aerial re- fueling. • - Maintain the capability to operate from aboard carriers, other suitable seagoing platforms, expeditionary airfields, and remote tactical landing sites. • - Conduct armed-escort missions in support of helicopter operations. • - Perform organizational maintenance on assigned aircraft.

50. 105.12.b.8. Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron (HMH) • The HMH provides assault helicopter transport of heavy weapons, equipment, and supplies during amphibious operations. • - Provide combat assault transport of heavy weapons, equipment, supplies and transport of troops • - Conduct tactical retrieval and recovery operations • - Conduct assault support for evacuation operations • - Provide support for mobile forward arming and refueling points • - Augment local SAR and provide aeromedical evacuation of casualties • - Provide airborne control for assault support operations. • - Maintain a self-defense capability from threats. • - Maintain the capability to operate from amphibious shipping,. • - Maintain the capability to operate at night, in adverse weather. • - Perform organizational maintenance on assigned aircraft in all environmental conditions.