Chapter 2: Spread of Civilization

1. Chapter 2: Spread of Civilization Lesson 1: Egypt

2. The Nile River and geography • What do we know about the Nile River? • Runs for 4,000 miles • Flows from south to north • Empties into the Mediterranean Sea • Branches off to create the Nile Delta • Yearly flooding creates nutrient rich soil like the Fertile Crescent • What barriers protect the land of Egypt? • North: Mediterranean Sea • South: Rapids of the Nile River • East: Red Sea and Desert • West: Sahara Desert

3. How are Egypt and Mesopotamia Similar? • Similar • Presence of Polytheism • Multiple gods • Nutrient rich soil • Like Fertile Crescent • Allows for large amount of crops • Different • Barriers • Egypt protected well and kept things unchanged • Openness of Mesopotamia allowed for many conquests over the centuries • Gods • Mesopotamia had many gods in one category • Egypt had 2 categories of gods • Land gods and Sun gods

4. The kingdoms of Egypt • The Old Kingdom (2700-2200 BC) • Divine Rule • Rule of the pharaohs • Extension of the gods • Following rule was maintaining stability • What government standard did they set up still in use? • Bureaucracy • Organization • Helped assist in running government • Gave advice to ruler on certain manners • Can be compared to the Cabinet in US

5. Creations of the Old kingdom • Great Pyramids (2540 BC) • At Giza • Uses? • Tombs of Pharaohs • Great Sphinx Purpose is unknown • Mummification • Process of wrapping and preserving a body. • Organs are removed • Placed in jars in the tomb • Body covered in salt to remove water • Wrapped in spices and covered

6. The kingdoms of Egypt • The Middle Kingdom (2055-1650 BC) • Adventures of the Middle Kingdom • Conquered the land of Nubia • Trading journeys with Crete, Kush, Syria, and Mesopotamia • Change in the role of pharaoh • No longer divine rule • Acts more as a leader instead of a messenger of the gods • Responsible for improvements for the people • Public works

7. Early life in Egypt • Social Structure • Hierarchy based on wealth/power • 1 Pharaoh • 2. Nobles • 3. Merchants/artisans • 4. Peasants/workers • Marriage • Arranged by the families • Uniqueness • Women keep property when married • Can operate businesses • Children • Male children wanted • Allows for the family name to be carried on

8. Homework • Pg. 26 #1-6 • Due Tuesday

9. Chapter 2: Spread of civilization Eastern Mediterranean

10. The Phoenicians • Major City: Carthage • Lived on the coast • Used water for travel • Major developments • Glass • Lumber • Purple Dye • 22 letter alphabet (transformed into alphabet for Greeks and Romans) • Trade routes (pg. 28) • Throughout Mediterranean Sea • Travelled to Atlantic Ocean up to Great Britain

11. The Israelites • Old Testament acts as a written history of Israelites • King David (1000-920BC)began the line • Followed by Solomon • Expanded the army and trade routes • Established Jerusalem as the center of religion • Assyrians eventually conquered Israelites • Tribes of Israel became scattered in the process

12. Judeans • Conquered by the Chaldeans (Map of Chaldean Empire) • Sent to Babylon in a period known as the Exile • Judaism • Monotheism • Belief in one God • 1st religion where there is a personal relationship with God • 3 aspects to Judaism • 1. Covenant with God (God with Moses) • 2. Law (10 Commandments) • 3. Prophets (Religious teachers) • Unwillingness to accept polytheism led to persecution

13. Minoans • 2800-1450 BC • Established on the island of Crete (Map of where Crete is) • Named after King Minos of Crete • Sea trading empire • What did they create? • Pottery • Gold and Silver Jewelry • What happened to the Minoans? • 1. Tidal Wave caused by volcano • 2. Mycenaeans from Greece came and conquered

14. Chapter 2: Spread of Civilization Indus Valley

15. Geography • What is a subcontinent? • Large self-contained landmass • A subdivision of a continent • Barriers • North: Himalaya Mountains (Largest in the world) • South: Arabian Sea • West: Arid Plateau (Now part of Pakistan) • The Ganges River supplies Indus Valley with fertile agriculture • Monsoons in the summer months cause heavy rainfall leading to flooding and heavy wind storms • Farmers depend on the monsoon season for survival

16. Civilization • 3000-1500 BC • Spread out over hundreds of miles • Major Cities: Harappa (35K) and MohenjoDaro (35-40K) • Planned Communities • Major streets all ran north/south • Minor streets ran east/west • Public wells for drinking water • Bathrooms with a drainage system. Sewage Pits laid beyond city limits • Trash system with chutes directing waste to specific disposals • Well-organized government • Based on agriculture

17. Migration: The Aryans Tribal group that moved south into Indus Valley • Nomadic groups that began to settle down with agriculture • Introduction of iron allowed for better agriculture in places that couldn’t be settled before • Grew • Barley, Wheat, and Millet in North • Cotton, Spices, and Vegetables in South • Writing • Sanskrit: Indo-European language established around 1000 BC • Showed us that India was carved up into small kingdoms run by rajas(princes) • Family structure • 3 generations of family live in one house. Oldest male ruled the house • Marriage and Death • Marriages were arranged and required dowries • Suttee: The dead were cremated on top of pillars. Women expect to join men by jumping on top of their bodies and burning with them

18. Chapter 2: Spread of Civilization China

19. Role of geography • Yellow River (Huang He River) • Runs 2,900 miles from Mongolia to Pacific Ocean • Carries yellow silt full of nutrients • Yangtze River (Chang Jiang River) • Runs 3,400 miles across central China into the Yellow Sea • Only 10% of land in China could sustain farming • Deserts and Mountains acted as protection for China • However when there was meetings between people, it led to conflicts • Climate: Similar to Indus Valley with monsoon seasons

20. Shang Dynasty • 1750-1045 BC • Ruled by an aristocracy. Upper-class based on land wealth • A farming society • One capital located in Anyang • King rules from capital and breaks up territory into 5 regions • Military leaders (warlords) rule each territory • Death of king • Buried in a royal tomb and joined by his loyal servants in death • Social Structure • 1. King • 2. Aristocracy • 3. Merchants • 4. Peasants • 5. Slaves

21. Shang Dynasty • Religion • Belief in supernatural forces • Communication with supernatural through the use of oracle bones • Oracle Bones • Used by priests • Had questions written on them • Held the answers to all of the king’s questions • Heated rods would crack the bones • Cracks would give the answer • Death • Life after death • Need for spirits to have spread good fortune on living family members

22. Zhou Dynasty • 1045-256 BC • Continued practices of the Shang Dynasty • Mandate of Heaven • Heaven kept order in the universe through the king • King responsible for ruling people with goodness and efficiency • Dao: The proper Way of ruling • Must please the gods and protect the people or be replaced • Set forth the right to a revolution to the people • Family • Filial Piety: Duty of the children to be subordinate to the head male • Every family member has a role. Head male’s desires come first • Written language • Pictographs and ideographs represent words in language

23. Chapter 2: Spread of civilization The Americas

24. The Olmec and Zapotec • The Olmec • Found in Mexico and Central America in 1200-400 BC • Early trade involved jade and obsidian • Created large cities centered around religious temples Monuments to the gods and rulers • Culture eventually disappeared • Left behind a calendar and number system. • Rituals used found in later cultures like the Mayans • The Zapotec • Found in Central Mexico in 500 BC-800 AD • Population of 20,000 • Ruled by the nobles and priests • Written language that is still not understood

25. Teotihuacan • Largest City in Mesoamerica • Also known as the Place of the Gods • Population of 200,000 • Religion found itself all over the land in the form of monuments and temples • Ex: Pyramid of the Sun (4 tiers high) standing over 200 feet • Mainly a farming city • Merchants were well known for obsidian tools which were used in every facet of daily life

26. Chapter 2: Spread of Civilization Quiz

27. 3-5 Sentences per question • 1. What achievements were made by the Egyptians in the Old Kingdom? • 2. How did the geography of the Indus Valley help the civilization survive? • 3. Explain the Mandate of Heaven. • 4. Explain how Judaism is unique compared to all other religions of the time.