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Working With Financial Statements

Working With Financial Statements. Chapter 3. Prepare for Capital Budgeting. Part 2: Understand financial statement and cash flow C2-Identify cash flow from financial statement C3-Financial statement and comparison Part 3: Valuation of future cash flow C4-Basic concepts

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Working With Financial Statements

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  1. Working With Financial Statements Chapter 3

  2. Prepare for Capital Budgeting Part 2: Understand financial statement and cash flow C2-Identify cash flow from financial statement C3-Financial statement and comparison Part 3: Valuation of future cash flow C4-Basic concepts C5-More exercise Part 4: Valuing stocks and bonds C6-Bond C7-Stock Part 5: Capital budgeting

  3. Chapter Outline • Why Evaluate Financial Statements? • Categories of Financial Ratios • Du Pont Identity • Payout, Retention Ratios, and Growth Rate • Problems with Financial Statement

  4. 1.Evaluate Financial Statements • Performance evaluation – identifying problematic operation and adjusting forecasting target • Internal uses • External uses • Creditors, Stockholders • Suppliers, Customers • Planning for the future – estimating future cash flows

  5. Benchmarking • Time-Trend Analysis • Used to see how the firm’s performance is changing through time • Peer Group Analysis • Compare to similar companies or within industries • SIC (Standard Industrial Classification) and NAICS (North American Industry Classification System) codes

  6. Standardized Financial Statements • Common-Size Balance Sheets • Compute all accounts as a percent of total assets • Common-Size Income Statements • Compute all line items as a percent of sales • Standardized statements make it easier to compare financial information, particularly as the company grows • They are also useful for comparing companies of different sizes, particularly within the same industry

  7. Balance Sheets

  8. Common-Size Balance Sheets

  9. Income Statements

  10. Common-Size Income Statements

  11. 2. Ratio Analysis • Ratios also allow for better comparison through time or between companies • As we look at each ratio, ask yourself what the ratio is trying to measure and why is that information important

  12. Categories of Financial Ratios • Short-term solvency or liquidity ratios • Long-term solvency or financial leverage ratios • Asset management or turnover ratios • Profitability ratios • Market value ratios

  13. Sample Balance Sheet Numbers in thousands

  14. Sample Income Statement Numbers in thousands, except EPS & DPS

  15. 2.1 Short-term Solvency Measures: Liquidity Ratios Evaluate the firm’s ability to pay its bills over the short run without undue stress. • Current Ratio = CA / CL • 2,447,830 / 1,968,662 = 1.24 times • Quick Ratio = (CA – Inventory) / CL • (2,447,830 – 300,459) / 1,968,662 = 1.09 times • Cash Ratio = Cash / CL • 680,623 / 1,968,662 = .346 times

  16. 2.2 Long-term Solvency Measures Evaluate the firm’s ability to meet Long-term obligations. • Leverage ratios • Coverage ratios

  17. Long-term Solvency Measures-1: Leverage Ratios • Total Debt Ratio = TD/TA= (TA – TE) / TA • (5,862,989 – 2,984,513) / 5,862,989 = .491 times or 49.1% • The firm finances slightly over 49% of their assets with debt. • Debt/Equity = TD / TE • (5,862,989 – 2,984,513) / 2,984,513 = .964 times • Equity Multiplier (EM) = TA / TE = 1 + D/E • 1 + .964 = 1.964

  18. Long-term Solvency Measures-2: Coverage Ratios • Times Interest Earned = EBIT / Interest • 1,174,900 / 5,785 = 203 times • Cash Coverage = (EBIT + Depr. & Amort.) / Interest • (1,174,900 + 124,647) / 5,785 = 225 times

  19. 2.3 Asset Management Measures Evaluate how efficiently the firm uses its asset to generate sales. • Inventory ratios • Receivable ratios • Total asset turnover

  20. Asset Management Measures-1: Inventory Ratios • Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold / Inventory • 2,046,645 / 300,459 = 6.81 times • Days’ Sales in Inventory = 365 / Inventory Turnover • 365 / 6.81 = 54 days

  21. Asset Management Measures-2: Receivables Ratios • Receivables Turnover = Sales / Accounts Receivable • 5,250,538 / 1,051,438 = 4.99 times • Days’ Sales in Receivables = 365 / Receivables Turnover • 365 / 4.99 = 73 days

  22. Asset Management Measures-3: Total Asset Turnover • Total Asset Turnover = Sales / Total Assets • 5,250,538 / 5,862,989 = .896 times • Measure of asset use efficiency • Not unusual for TAT < 1, especially if a firm has a large amount of fixed assets

  23. 2.4 Profitability Measures: Profitability Ratios Evaluate the operation efficiency (the ability to control cost) of the firm. • Profit Margin = Net Income / Sales • 756,410 / 5,250,538 = .1441 times or 14.41% • Return on Assets (ROA) = Net Income / Total Assets • 756,410 / 5,862,989 = .1290 times or 12.90% • Return on Equity (ROE) = Net Income / Total Equity • 756,410 / 2,984,513 = .2534 times or 25.34%

  24. 2.5 Market Value Measures: Market Value Ratios Illustrate the difference between market and book value of the firm. • Market Price (12/31/04) = $91.54 per share • Shares outstanding = 189,813,459 • PE Ratio = Price per share / Earnings per share • 91.54 / 3.92 = 23.35 times • Market-to-book ratio = market value per share / book value per share • 91.54 / (2,984,513,000 / 189,813,459) = 5.82 times

  25. Table 3.5 50%

  26. Question Profit Total Asset Equity Margin Turnover Multiplier • Short-term Solvency • Long-term Solvency • Asset Management • Profitability • Market Value

  27. 3.Du Pont Identity

  28. Deriving the Du Pont Identity • ROE = NI / TE • Multiply by 1 and then rearrange • ROE = (NI / TE) (TA / TA) • ROE = (NI / TA) (TA / TE) = ROA * EM • Multiply by 1 again and then rearrange • ROE = (NI / TA) (TA / TE) (Sales / Sales) • ROE = (NI / Sales) (Sales / TA) (TA / TE) • ROE = PM * TAT * EM

  29. Using the Du Pont Identity • ROE = PM * TAT * EM • Profit margin is a measure of the firm’s operating efficiency – how well does it control costs • Total asset turnover is a measure of the firm’s asset use efficiency – how well does it manage its assets • Equity multiplier is a measure of the firm’s financial leverage 75%

  30. 4. Payout and Retention Ratios • Dividend payout ratio = Cash dividends / Net income • 1.20 / 3.92 = .3061 or 30.61% • Retention ratio = Additions to retained earnings / Net income = 1 – payout ratio = b • (3.92 – 1.20) / 3.92 = .6939 = 69.39% • Or 1 - .3061 = .6939 = 69.39%

  31. The Internal Growth Rate • The internal growth rate tells us how much the firm can grow assets using retained earnings as the only source of financing.

  32. The Sustainable Growth Rate • The sustainable growth rate tells us how much the firm can grow by using internally generated funds and issuing debt to maintain a constant debt ratio.

  33. Determinants of Growth • Profit margin – operating efficiency • Total asset turnover – asset use efficiency • Financial leverage – choice of optimal debt ratio • Dividend policy – choice of how much to pay to shareholders versus reinvesting in the firm

  34. Table 3.6

  35. 5.Problems with Financial Statement • Little financial theory and economic logic exists with financial statements • Limits in comparability 1. Diversified business in conglomerates 2. Different accounting standards across nation 3. Different corporate structure 100%

  36. Review Questions 1. How do you standardize balance sheets and income statements and why is standardization useful? 2. What are the major categories of ratios and what does each category of ratios measure? How to interpret each ratio? What are the relationships among three leverage ratios? 3. What is Du Pont Identity and what are the components of Du Pont Identity? 4. What is retention ratio, internal/sustainable growth rate? What are the major determinants of a firm’s internal and sustainable growth potential? 5. What are some of the problems associated with financial statement analysis?

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