Chapter 17 As We Grow: Nutrition for Children, Adolescents, and Older Adults

1. Chapter 17As We Grow: Nutrition for Children, Adolescents, and Older Adults Hewlings/ Medeiros PowerPoint presentation created by Susan J. Hewlings, PhD, RD © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

2. Childhood • Toddlers – 12 to 24 months • Growth slows after first year. • Childhood – second birthday to prepuberty • Early and middle childhood = Period of steady and gradual growth • Development of lifelong habits • Food jags © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

3. Rate of Growth from Infancy Through Childhood © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

4. Iron-deficiency anemia Lead toxicity Obesity and overweight Dental decay Food allergies and intolerance Health Concerns of Childhood © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

5. Increased Incidence of Overweight and Obese Children © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

6. Body Mass Index © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

7. Dental Cavities © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

8. Food and Behavior • Hyperactivity • Caffeine © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

9. Energy and Protein Recommendations for Active Children Age (yr) Males Females ENERGY kcal/kg/day kcal/day kcal/kg/day kcal/day 2–3 87 1,046 83 992 4–8 87 1,742 82 1,642 Adult 44 3,067 42 2,403 PROTEIN g/kg/day g/day g/kg/day g/day 2–3 1.1 13 1.1 13 4–8 0.95 19 0.95 19 Adult 0.8 56 0.8 46 © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

10. MyPyramid for Kids © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

11. Parental role What, when, where of eating Guidance, flexibility Child’s role How much is eaten What causes a child to accept certain foods? Color, temperature, texture Taste buds Serving size What Children Like to Eat © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

12. Snacking • Okay so long as healthy choices and small portions are presented, such as: • Apples and cheese • Graham crackers and low-fat milk • Crackers and cheese • Oatmeal cookies and low-fat milk • Fresh fruit • Raisins • Celery sticks with peanut butter • Cauliflower, broccoli, celery, cucumber, and carrot sticks with low-fat dip • Fruit and yogurt • Low-sugar cereal and low-fat milk • Baked chips with cheddar cheese and boiled/drained whole beans © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

13. Adolescent Years • Period of significant body changes • Growth spurt • Female, 10–11 years • Male, 12–13 years • Puberty • Female - estrogen • Male - testosterone © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

14. Development from Infancy to Adulthood © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

15. Health Concerns of Adolescents Obesity Eating disorders Anemia Dental decay Eating patterns and disease risk Alcohol, drugs, and smoking © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

16. More energy Easily absorb calories Males have energy needs greater than those of females. Protein Iron Calcium Nutrient Needs of Adolescents © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

17. Poor Food Habits Common in Adolescence • Failure to eat breakfast, or some other meal • Lack of time or companionship for regular meals • Not drinking milk or consuming other calcium-rich foods • Nutrient-poor food selection in meals eaten away from home • An overriding fear of obesity, especially among girls, which leads to dieting • Use of body-building supplements among boys to increase muscle mass • Avoiding certain foods that are thought to aggravate adolescent acne • Excessive intake of convenience foods and fast foods © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

18. Nutrition for Older Adults • One-fifth of the American population is over 65. • Older adult defined as anyone over 50 © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

19. Living alone Depression Anxiety Long-standing food habits Economic considerations Aging and Nutrition: Psychosocial Factors © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

20. Community Programs for the Older Adult Can Make a Big Difference • Companionship and healthy meals are a good combination. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

21. Loss of teeth Loss of neuromuscular coordination Impaired hearing and vision Macular degeneration Physical discomfort Loss of muscle mass Arthritis Diminished sense of taste and smell Anorexia Aging and Nutrition: Physical Factors © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

22. How the Body Is Affected by Aging © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

23. Muscle Loss in the Older Adult Can Significantly Affect Quality of Life CT scan of the thigh of a young adult woman CT scan of the thigh of an older adult woman © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

24. Major Nutrition-Related Issues of Older Adults • Obesity • Anemia • Undernutrition • Osteoporosis • Drug-nutrient interactions • Food-induced malnutrition • Alzheimer’s disease © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

25. Factors Affecting Nutrient Use • Organs less efficient • Decreased kidney function • Decreased gastric motility • Malabsorption • Decreased hormones © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.

26. Nutrient Requirements of the Older Adult • Nutrient-dense diet • Decreased energy needs • High-quality protein • Hydration • Vitamins and minerals • Adequate fiber from foods, not supplements © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All Rights Reserved.