Unit #7B World War II

1. Unit #7BWorld War II Chapter 29 From Isolation to Global War

2. APUSH PowerPoint #7.6 (Part 1 of 1) Unit #7 Chapter 23 BFW Textbook (eBook) – “The World at War” (1937—1945) TOPIC – New Deal America [1932-1941]

3. Postwar Isolationism Section I

4. United States Isolation— Many Americans followed anti-war and passive beliefs (due, in part, to the horrors of WWI). In addition . . . Linkage to debts to German reparations. FDR recognized the Soviet Union (1933). Followed a “Good Neighbor” policy in Latin America. Signed the Neutrality Act of 1935 which banned the sale of arms and loans to nations involved in conflict. United States Isolationism in the 1920s & 1930s

5. Washington Armaments Conference (1921)— Delegates from eight nations agreed to reduce naval armaments. Five-Power Treaty of 1922— Delegates from five nations (United States, Italy, Japan, France, and Britain) signed an agreement to set a moratorium of battleships for ten years and reduce fortifications of Pacific possessions. United States Isolationism in the 1920s & 1930s

6. Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928— Organized by the French foreign minister Aristide Briand and Secretary of State Frank Kellogg (signed by France, the United States, and some sixty other nations to outlaw war). Clark Memorandum (1928)— Effort by Undersecretary of State Rueben Clark to remove the United States presence in Latin America. The memorandum denied that the Monroe Doctrine ever gave the United States the right to intervene in the affairs of nations in the Western Hemisphere. United States Isolationism in the 1920s & 1930s

7. War Clouds Section II

8. Rise of Authoritarian Leaders— With the absence of monarchies and a democratic tradition, many Europeans looked to ambitious leaders to end the social and economic conditions from the worldwide Depression of the 1930s and turned to totalitarianism. Totalitarianism— A type of government which maintains complete control over its citizens (individuals have no rights, and the government suppresses all opposition). A New Brand of Caesars

9. Josef Stalin— Leader of the Soviet Union (1924 – 1953) following the death of Vladimir Lenin. Stalin . . . Industrialized the Soviet Union based on a communist model. Installed a totalitarian society. Was responsible for the deaths of nearly 20 million people during his tenure as a brutal dictator. . Stalin’s Rise to Power in the Soviet Union

10. Fascism— Authoritarian political philosophy based on . . . extreme nationalism, military expansionism, some private property with strong government controls, and anti-communist. Rise of Fascist Italy— Following the end of the First World War, Italy experienced increased inflation, high unemployment, and violent strikes. Mussolini’s Rise to Power

11. Benito Mussolini— Leader of Italy (1922 – 1943) who created a totalitarian society based on fascism.Mussolini . . . Was known as “Il Duce” or “the leader.” Was also known to “make the trains run on time.” Used his “Black Shirts” as an instrument of power. Mussolini’s Rise to Power

12. The Failure of the Treaty of Versaillesof 1919— The new democracies which were created after WWI failed. Weimar Republic— The democratic government established in Germany following WWI. Hitler’s Rise to Power

13. Weimar Republic Hitler’s Rise to Power

14. Nazism in Germany— Economic and social conditions broke down following the end of WWI, and continued into the 1920s and early 1930s. Germany’s Economy— Hit hard by the Great Depression, many German veterans began to listen to Hitler and became members of Hitler’s “storm troopers” or “Brown Shirts.” Nazism— German fascism and racism which resulted in extreme nationalism and hatred of non-German groups. Hitler’s Rise to Power

15. Adolf Hitler— Leader of Germany (1933 – 1945) who created a totalitarian society based on Nazism. Hitler . . . Joined the National German Socialist Workers Party (NAZI) in 1919, and became “Der Fuhrer” or “the leader” in 1922. Was Austrian by birth, but believed in a “Greater” Germany. Authored Mein Kampf or “My Struggle” (a blueprint for his ideas). Was anti-democratic, ultra-nationalistic, paternalistic, and an anti-communist. Hitler’s Rise to Power

16. Hitler: Chancellor to Dictator— Hitler became chancellor in 1932 and dictator in 1934. Hitler . . . Dismantled the democratic Weimar Republic establishing the Third Reich or “Third German Empire.” Moved the world closer to another world war setting up a conflict with (1) western democracies, and (2) Soviet communism. Hitler’s Rise to Power

17. Hitler’s SS— The “Schutzstaffel” or SS was Hitler’s primary instrument of terror against non-Germans, Jews, and enemies of the Reich. Hitler’s Rise to Power

18. Jews in Germany— Anti-Semitism or hatred of Jews in Europe (but, mainly Germany following the end of WWI) increased under Hitler. Jewish Refugees— The fleeing of Jews out of Germany was difficult since no country was willing to accept a large number of immigrants. Hitler’s Rise to Power

19. “Kristallnacht”— The targeting of Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues known as “Night of Broken Glass” (November 9, 1938). Hitler’s Rise to Power

20. Condemned— Gypsies, freemasons, communists and other “inferior” groups targeted by Nazism and died in the Holocaust. Forced Relocation— Jews were relocated to ghettos (segregated Jewish areas) where they were forced to work in factories to produce Germany’s war machine. Hitler’s Rise to Power

21. Rise of Militarist Japan— Imperial Japan was seized by militarists who took control of the government. In 1931, Japan . . . Invaded Manchuria and took control of China’s northern region, and Removed itself from the League of Nations who condemned the aggressive action. Militarists Take Control in Japan

22. Rise of Militarist Japan Militarists Take Control in Japan

23. Neutrality Breaks Down— Following Japan’s renewed attacks in China, FDR began sending arms into China in an effort to stop the aggression. Volunteer pilots formed the “Flying Tigers” squadrons to fight for the Chinese against Japanese aggression. United States Actions in Asia

24. Aggression in Europe & Africa— The dictators of Europe began to follow Japan’s actions. Hitler pulled Germany out of the League of Nations (1933) and began a massive military build-up (1935) in complete violation of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. Mussolini attacked Ethiopia in Eastern Africa (1935) and quickly took over the region by 1936. Aggression in Europe & Africa

25. Austria & Czechoslovakia Fail– By 1937, Hitler decided to create a “Greater Germany” through the use of force. Union with Austria— On March 12, 1938, German troops marched into Austria and created a “union” or “Anschluss” with Austria. Sudetenland Seized— In September (1938), Germany threatened to invade Czechoslovakia, but gained it through a meeting with French and British leaders. Aggression in Europe & Africa

26. Union with Austria & Sudetenland Seized Aggression in Europe & Africa

27. Munich Agreement of 1938— Hitler’s met with France’s Edouard Daladier and Britain’s Neville Chamberlain in which Chamberlain stated that there would be “peace in our time.” Aggression in Europe & Africa

28. Winston Churchill— Conservative British politician and opponent of Chamberlain who attacked the Munich Agreement as a policy of liberal appeasement. Appeasement— Giving up principles to pacify an aggressor. Aggression in Europe & Africa

29. Soviets Declare Neutrality— In the Spring of 1939, Hitler began to make his move against Poland by having the Soviet Union sign the Non-Aggression Pact of 1939 and secretly planned to divide Poland. Aggression in Europe & Africa

30. Blitzkrieg in Poland— World War II broke out (September 1, 1939) when Germany invaded Poland Germany used “Blitzkrieg” or “lightening war.” War in Europe— On September 3, 1939, war was declared against Germany by the Britain and France. Aggression in Europe & Africa

31. Blitzkrieg in Poland— Aggression in Europe & Africa

32. Blitzkrieg in Poland Aggression in Europe & Africa

33. United States Effort for Neutrality Section III

34. Neutrality Act of 1935— Forbade the arms of sales to belligerents. Travel discouraged on belligerent ships. United States Neutrality

35. Ethiopia, 1935— Italy invaded Ethiopia seeking to make a power grab in eastern Africa. The Neutrality law applied to military sales, but not oil and other raw materials. By 1936, Italy had conquered Ethiopia. Invasion of Ethiopia

36. Spanish Civil War— A conflict (1936-1939) which consisted of Fascist rebels (supported by fascist Germany and Italy) who fought the republican government (backed by the communist Soviet Union). Civil War in Spain

37. Francisco Franco— Fascist leader of Spain who took control of the government (1939) and turned Spain into a dictatorship. Europe began to collapse into two camps: totalitarian (Italy, Germany, and Spain) and democratic (France and Great Britain). Rise of Francisco Franco

38. Japanese Action in China— On December 12, 1937, Japanese planes bombed and sank the United States gunboat Panay on the Yangtze River in China. The attack prompted the Ludlow Amendment which would have required a public referendum for a declaration of war except in the case of attack on United States territory, but it was tabled and not voted on. By July of 1939, Japanese troops moved captured Peking. Conflict in Asia

39. The Storm in Europe Section IV

40. The Phony War— Germany amassed a large army on the French border, but did not advance. Despite the storm clouds, the United States remained neutral. Invasion of Western Europe— On April 9, 1940, Hitler attacked Norway and Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg ending the Phony War. Hitler’s Blitzkrieg

41. France & Britain Fight— The Blitzkrieg was put in use again and continued in the summer of 1940 as German tanks, planes, and troops avoided the main defensive measures of the Maginot Line and marched on Paris. France was knocked out of the war and Britain was left alone to fight the Axis in Europe. Hitler’s Blitzkrieg

42. Hitler’s Blitzkrieg

43. Dunkirk— The German offensive into France left 400,000 Allied soldiers trapped until rescued by Britain’s navy and maritime fleet. Hitler’s Blitzkrieg

44. France Surrenders— French military leaders surrendered Northern France to Germany. Vichy France (a fascist-puppet government set up in Southern France) was established and led by Philippe Petain. Fall of France

45. France Surrenders— Fall of France

46. Charles de Gaulle— French general which fled to Britain and established a government-in-exile. Fall of France

47. Winston Churchill— On May 10, 1940, Winston Churchill became Prime Minister of Great Britain and prepared to fight in the air, at sea, and on land to defend the island. Winston Churchill

48. Battle of Britain— The air battle which consisted of the Royal Air Force (RAF) defending the skies over Britain against the German Luftwaffe eventually propelling an invasion of the island and resulting in the bombing of British cities. Battle of Britain

49. The Presidential Election of 1940 Section V

50. FDR’s Third Term (1941–1945)— FDR defeated Wendell Willkie with 55% of the popular vote. The Presidential Election of 1940