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Chapter Twelve: The Fifteenth Century

Chapter Twelve: The Fifteenth Century. Toward the Renaissance. Renewed interest in Classical texts New artistic realism New growth in economics/trade Florentine banking and commerce. 12.2 Jan van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride , 1434, National Galalery, London, England.

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Chapter Twelve: The Fifteenth Century

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  1. Chapter Twelve:The Fifteenth Century

  2. Toward the Renaissance • Renewed interest in Classical texts • New artistic realism • New growth in economics/trade • Florentine banking and commerce

  3. 12.2 Jan van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride, 1434, National Galalery, London, England

  4. Art in Northern Europe • Artistic language: International Style • Reciprocity of style (Italy, Northern Europe) • Court of the Duke of Burgundy, Dijon • Claus Sluter’s Well of Moses • Limbourg brothers, Trés Riches Heures

  5. 12.3 Claus Sluter, The Well of Moses, 1395-1406

  6. 12.4 Limbourg Brothers, “May,” page from Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, 1416

  7. Florence and the Renaissance • Florentine “representative” government • Arti, senior guilds • Wool trade • Banking, banking families • Stable monetary system • Revolutionary Florentine art • Renaissance

  8. The Medici Era • Medici rule of Florence: 1434-1492 • Immense banking fortune • Branch banks throughout Western Europe • Extensive geographic, sociological influence • Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride (1434)

  9. The Medici EraCosimo de’ Medici (1434-1464) • Ancient manuscripts • Greek language, philosophy • Platonic Academy • Search for truth and beauty • Marsilio Ficino • Platonic Love, Christian Platonism • Pater Patriae • Patron of the arts

  10. The Medici Era:Lorenzo il Magnifico • Accomplished vernacular poet • Sponsored Ficino, Botticelli, Michelangelo • Laurentian patronage of learning • University of Pisa • The Stadium of Florence • Greek as export from Florence

  11. The Medici Era:Lorenzo il Magnifico • Fra Savonarola (1452-1498) • Dominican preacher, reformer • Laurentian Florence vs. Medieval Piety • Inspired many converts • Defied papal excommunication, died publicly

  12. 12.31 The Execution of Savaronola, Italian School, ca. 1498, Museo di San Marco, Florence, Italy

  13. Renaissance Humanism • When was the Renaissance? • Jules Michelet • Jakob Burkhardt • Charles Homer Haskins • Renaissance characteristics • Artist as individual seeking fame • Humanism as outgrowth of Classical learning • Advancement of self and society through intellectual efforts

  14. Pico della Mirandola(1463-1494) • Lorenzo de’ Medici, Marsilio Ficino • Synthesis of all learning yields truth • Student of languages and cultures • Oration on the Dignity of Man • Man bridges gap between heaven and creation • Humanity is a great miracle • Johann Reuchlin (1455-1522) • Biblical studies in original languages • Martin Luther

  15. The Export of Humanistic Learning • Johann Gutenberg • Published first printed Bible, 1454 • Aldus Manutius (1449-1525) • Humanists collated and corrected manuscripts • Vast scope of Greek, Latin, vernacular texts • William Caxton • Print technology and the diffusion of ideas • 6-9 million books, 13,000 editions before 1500

  16. Women and the Renaissance • Humanist education • Aristocratic families • Families who saw education as priority • Rise of printing / accessibility of books • Woman writers • Upper-class culture • Convent life • Women criticized for not following traditional societal roles • Laura Cereta

  17. Two Styles of Humanism:Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) • The Prince • Secular study of political theory • Inspired by Republican Rome • Realistic pragmatism • Success in governing is key to power • Wisdom and ruthlessness • Christianity’s role in politics is disastrous • “The end justifies the means”

  18. Two Styles of Humanism:Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) • Wandering scholar, author • Christian Humanism • Classical learning + Christian living • The Praise of Folly (1509) • Attacked religious corruption • Sweeping social criticism • Outsold only by the Bible in the 16th century

  19. Renaissance Art in ItalySculpture • Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378-1455) • Florence Baptistery, North Door competition • Sentiment, mathematical perspective • East Doors = “Gates of Paradise” • Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1466) • Renaissance architecture • Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore • Gothic + Classical Roman influences • Donatello (1386-1466) • Saint George, David, Mary Magdalene

  20. 12.13 Lorenzo Ghiberti, East Doors (“Gates of Paradise”) of the Baptistry of the Cathedral of Florence, 1425-1452

  21. 12.15 Donatello, David, ca 1440-1460, Museo Nationale del Bargello, Florence, Italy

  22. Renaissance Art in ItalyPainting • Characteristics of artistic change • Gentile da Fabriano (1370-1427) • Adoration of the Magi (1423) • Conservative International Gothic style • Tommaso Guidi, aka Masaccio (1401-1428) • The Holy Trinity • Clarity of line, perspective, realism, psychology

  23. 12.19 Gentile da Fabriano, Adoration of the Magi, 1423. Altarpiece from Santa Trinita, Florence, Italy

  24. 12.20 Masaccio, The Holy Trinity, 1428, Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Italy

  25. Renaissance Art in ItalyPainting • Masaccio • Realistic depiction of human beings • The Tribute Money (c. 1427) • Profound sense of emotion • Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden (c. 1425) • “…brought into existence the modern style”

  26. 12.23 Masaccio, Expulsion of Adam and Eve From Eden, 1425, Brancacci Chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence, Italy

  27. Renaissance Art in ItalyPainting • Fra Angelico (1387-1455) • Annunciation fresco • Paolo Uccello (1397-1475) • Medici Palace paintings • Botticelli (1444-1510) • La Primavera (Springtime), The Birth of Venus • Platonic idealism, Christian mysticism

  28. 12.24 Fra Angelico, The Annunciation, 1438-1447. San Marco, Florence, Italy

  29. 12.25 Paolo Uccello, The Battle of San Romano, 1456. National Gallery, London, England

  30. 12.27 Sandro Botticelli, La Primavera (Springtime)

  31. 12.28 Sandro Botticelli, The Birth of Venus, 1482. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Italy

  32. Art in Renaissance ItalyArchitecture • Filippo Brunelleschi • Florence Cathedral Dome • Foundling Hospital • Pazzi Chapel • Classical order • Intricate mathematical proportions • Serenity

  33. 12.32 Filippo Brunelleschi, loggia of the Ospedale degli Innocenti (“Hospital of the Innocents”) Foundling Hospital

  34. 12.33 Filippo Brunelleschi, Pazzi Chapel

  35. Music in the 15th Century • Guillaume Dufay (1400-1474) • Secularization of the motet, Chanson masses • Synthesis of secular and religious • Johannes Ockeghem (1430-1495) • Classical balance of intellect and emotion • Music in Medici Florence • No Classical models • Platonic and Aristotelian significance • Frittola, canto carnascialesco

  36. Chapter 12: Discussion Questions • Consider the role of art in Florentine politics. In what ways does artistic patronage serve as a vehicle for state propaganda? Explain, including principal discussions of the socio-religious works of Botticelli and Michelangelo. • Contrast the medieval worldview with that of the Renaissance. What was the role of the individual during the Middle Ages? During the Renaissance? What was the role of the artist in each period? To what may we attribute the shift in perspective? Explain. • Citing specific artwork from Chapter Twelve, explore the artistic balance between Classical and Christian prerogatives. Which of the artists in the chapter had the most success balancing and/or synthesizing the two ideologies? • Compare the two styles of Humanism exemplified by Erasmus and Machiavelli. What variation on the theme does each provide? Consider the roles of Classicism and Christianity in their respective approaches.

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