Taxonomy of fishes

1. Taxonomy of fishes

2. Taxonomic hierarchy:Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Actinopterygii (formerly Osteichthyes) Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae Genus: Cyprinus Species: carpio (common carp)additional standardized endings: Suborder: - oides Subfamily: - inae Tribe: - ini

3. Taxonomic hierarchy:Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Actinopterygii (formerly Osteichthyes) - Subclass Neopterygii - Infraclass Teleostei Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae Genus: Cyprinus Species: carpio (common carp)

4. KINGDOM ANIMALIA PHYLUM Chordata SUPERCLASS Agnatha Class Myxini (1 order) Class Cephalaspidomorphi (1 order) SUPERCLASS Gnathostomata Class Chondrichthyes (10 orders) sharks, rays, skates, chimeras Class Sarcopterygii (3 orders) lungfishes Class Actinopterygii (4 orders) ray-finned fishes Infraclass Teleostei (35-38 orders)

5. classification hierarchical grouping of organisms (used by Linnaeus,1758) taxonomy science of biological nomenclature (formal rules for use) systematics the study of relationships

6. What characteristics could be used to distinguish these fishes?

7. What characteristics could be used to distinguish these fishes?

8. Tools of taxonomy: morphometrics - measurements relative to length

9. Tools of taxonomy: morphometrics - measurements relative to length meristics - counts

10. Tools of taxonomy: morphometrics - measurements relative to length meristics - counts anatomical traits – e.g., presence/absence

11. Tools of taxonomy: morphometrics - measurements relative to length meristics - counts anatomical traits – e.g., presence/absence color patterns white crappie (Pomoxis annularis) black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus)

12. Tools of taxonomy: morphometrics - measurements relative to length meristics - counts anatomical traits – e.g., presence/absence color patterns karyotypes – chromosome counts, shape, banding patterns

13. Tools of taxonomy: morphometrics - measurements relative to length meristics - counts anatomical traits – e.g., presence/absence color patterns karyotypes – chromosome counts, shape, banding patterns biochemical methods

14. Tools of taxonomy: physiological differences (e.g., temperature preferences) behavior steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

15. Tools of taxonomy: physiological differences (e.g., temperature preferences) behavior diet steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)

16. Use of standardized descriptions: Round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1811). D1 VI (V‑VII); D2 I + 14‑16 (13‑16); A I + 11‑13 (11‑14); P 18‑19 (17‑20). Scaled on the parietal region, nape, back (all), throat (all or most), abdomen, pectoral fin peduncles, and one quarter of the gill covers. Scales on the middle and anterior nape are cycloid. Head is as wide as or wider than deep; depth is 0.9‑1.2 times the width. Head length 4.2‑4.5 of total body length. Angle of the jaw below the anterior quarter of the eye. Lower jaw not prominent. Snout 1.1‑1.4 times the orbit diameter. Upper lip narrows slightly to the rear. Usually 6, rarely 7, transverse suborbital series of pit organs. Ventral fins reach or almost reach the vent. Pelvic disk is 0.6‑0.8 times the abdomen length. If present, the anterior membrane width is very shallow, with rounded, lateral lobes. Caudal peduncle depth is about two‑thirds its length. Lacks a gas bladder and chemoreceptors.

17. Use of standardized descriptions: Round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1811). placed in genus of nearest (known) related species

18. Use of standardized descriptions: Round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1811). sources of species names: descriptive (melanostomus) discoverer, etc. (hubbsi) local language (namaycush)

19. Use of standardized descriptions: Round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1811). Originally discovered and named by Pallas in 1811 - but name has since changed, so his name is in parentheses

20. Use of standardized descriptions: Round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1811) D1 VI (V‑VII); D2 I + 14‑16 (13‑16); A I + 11‑13 (11‑14); P 18‑19 (17‑20).

21. Use of standardized descriptions: Round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1811) D1 VI (V‑VII); D2 I + 14‑16 (13‑16); A I + 11‑13 (11‑14); P 18‑19 (17‑20). D1 VI (V‑VII);the anterior dorsal fin has 6 spines, ranging from 5‑7

22. Use of standardized descriptions: Round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1811) D1 VI (V‑VII); D2 I + 14‑16 (13‑16); A I + 11‑13 (11‑14); P 18‑19 (17‑20). D1 VI (V‑VII);the anterior dorsal fin has 6 spines, ranging from 5‑7 D2 I + 14‑16 (13‑16);the posterior dorsal fin has one spine and 14‑16 soft rays, ranging from 13-16

23. Use of standardized descriptions: Round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1811) D1 VI (V‑VII); D2 I + 14‑16 (13‑16); A I + 11‑13 (11‑14); P 18‑19 (17‑20). D1 VI (V‑VII);the anterior dorsal fin has 6 spines, ranging from 5‑7 D2 I + 14‑16 (13‑16);the posterior dorsal fin has one spine and 14‑16 soft rays, ranging from 13-16 A 1 + 11‑13 (11‑14);the anal fin has one spine, 11-13 soft rays, ranging from 11‑14

24. Use of standardized descriptions: Round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1811) D1 VI (V‑VII); D2 I + 14‑16 (13‑16); A I + 11‑13 (11‑14); P 18‑19 (17‑20). D1 VI (V‑VII);the anterior dorsal fin has 6 spines, ranging from 5‑7 D2 I + 14‑16 (13‑16);the posterior dorsal fin has one spine and 14‑16 soft rays, ranging from 13-16 A I + 11‑13 (11‑14);the anal fin has one spine, 11-13 soft rays, ranging from 11‑14 P 18‑19 (17‑20).the pectoral fins have 18-19 soft rays, ranging from 17‑20

25. Use of standardized descriptions: Round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1811). D1 VI (V‑VII); D2 I + 14‑16 (13‑16); A I + 11‑13 (11‑14); P 18‑19 (17‑20). Scaled on the parietal region, nape, back (all), throat (all or most), abdomen, pectoral fin peduncles, and one quarter of the gill covers. Scales on the middle and anterior nape are cycloid. Head is as wide as or wider than deep; depth is 0.9‑1.2 times the width. Head length 4.2‑4.5 of total body length. Angle of the jaw below the anterior quarter of the eye. Lower jaw not prominent. Snout 1.1‑1.4 times the orbit diameter. Upper lip narrows slightly to the rear. Usually 6, rarely 7, transverse suborbital series of pit organs. Ventral fins reach or almost reach the vent. Pelvic disk is 0.6‑0.8 times the abdomen length. If present, the anterior membrane width is very shallow, with rounded, lateral lobes. Caudal peduncle depth is about two‑thirds its length. Lacks a gas bladder and chemoreceptors.

26. Authorship of scientific names International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature right of priority – you discover it, you name it species name will (almost) never change type specimen – archived original specimen type locality – location of first discovery nominal species – name of a species defined by type specimen nomen praeoccupatum – name already in use junior synonyms – name with later publication date than accepted name

27. Authorship of scientific names right of priority type specimen type locality nominal species nomen praeoccupatum junior synonyms

28. Authorship of scientific names Salmo Omisco Maycus - Walbaum 1792 (type locality Hudson Bay) Percopsis guttatus - Agassiz 1850 Salmoperca pellucida - Thompson 1853 Percopsis omiscomaycus - Kendall 1911 Thus, correct name is Percopsis omiscomaycus (Walbaum 1792) Percopsis: perch-like omiscomaycus: probably Algonquin name with root meaning “trout” Common names: trout-perch, silver chub, omisco

29. Authorship of scientific names right of priority type specimen type locality nominal species nomen praeoccupatum junior synonyms Salmo gairdneri Richardson 1836 synonymous with Salmo mykiss Walbaum 1792 but it is really a Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) - so it becomes Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792)

31. On Discovering a Butterfly I found it and named it, being versedin taxonomic Latin; thus becamegodfather to an insect and its firstdescriber -- and I want no other fame. Wide open on its pin (though fast asleep),and safe from creeping relatives and rust,in the secluded stronghold where we keeptype specimensit will transcend its dust. Dark pictures, thrones, the stones that pilgrims kiss,poems that take a thousand years to diebut ape theimmortality of thisred label on a little butterfly. -Vladimir Nabokov

32. What’s in a name? How are names chosen, what do they mean? - descriptive (Perca flavescens) - honoring a scientist, colleague, etc. (Cottus bairdi; Barbus ansorgi, B. gulielmi) - local name or language (Salvelinus namaycush) - personal connection or tribute (Oregonichthys kalawatseti) The fish etymology project: http://www.etyfish.org/name-of-the-week/

33. Nomenclature (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature) use of Latin, Greek prononciation: ch = k (e.g., ichthyology) initial c = s (e.g., Cyprinidae) genus and species always italicized; genus capitalized, species not capitalized Neogobius melanostomus genus, species with subspecies - species abbreviated N. melanostomus N. m. caspia subgenus usually in parentheses Dreissena (Pontodreissena) polymorpha hybrids: Rutilus rutilus x Abramis brama

34. Nomenclature (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature) problems with common names: Oncorhynchus – true salmon rainbow trout Chinook salmon Salmo – trout brown trout Atlantic salmon Salvelinus – char (or charr) lake trout brook trout Arctic char creek chub, longjaw chub, grey chub, Bermuda chub, etc. cisco….

35. Are these fish in the same family? Species? Why or why not?

36. Are these fish in the same family? Species? Why or why not?

37. Are these fish in the same family? Species? Why or why not?

38. Are these fish in the same family? Species? Why or why not?

39. Are these fish in the same family? Species? Why or why not?

41. But – what is a species? Lake trout (Salvelinusnamaycush) Splake (Lake trout x Brook trout) - fertile Brook trout (Salvelinusfontinalis)

42. What does this creature have to do with fish taxonomy???

43. Phylogenetic systematics (cladistics) non-arbitrary, informative classifications that reflect evolutionary relationships – evolutionary hypotheses binary – based on single characters that are or are not present task is to identify monophyletic groups (clades) - all of the descendants of a common ancestor - share a common trait

44. Phylogenetic systematics (cladistics) monophyletic groups (clades) – members share common ancestor – all members have common derived character or synapomorphy Osteoglossiformes Coelacanths cladogram

45. polyphyletic groups - consists of members from two monophyletic groups (e.g. flying animals; eel-like animals) usually reflects convergent evolution ‘mistake’ paraphyletic group - monophyletic group that excludes some of the descendants

46. Phylogenetic systematics (cladistics) avoid paraphyletic groups - monophyletic group that excludes some of the descendants

47. Tetrapods … have jaws with fixed teeth, a bony skeleton, a skull with sutures, and heavy, paired appendages. …scales are not at all a defining character of fishiness, nor is breathing by way of gills. Therefore, based on many structural and physiological synapomorphies, the tetrapods not only share a common ancestor with the lobe-finned fishes, but are derived from them. The tetrapods are now generally believed to represent a subclass within the Sarcopterygii. And therein lies a major reason for the difficulties in defining fishes as a group. Fish - as the term is usually applied - is not a monophyletic taxon. R. Aidan Martin http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/classification/fishes.htm

48. Phylogenetic systematics (cladistics) “task” of phylogeny is to determine whether characters shared among taxa are primitive (plesiomorphies – primitive character states) or derived (apomorphies – advanced character states) homologous – identical by ancestry or convergent – similar by convergent evolution

50. Where do these fish belong, phylogenetically, in relation to each other?