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Chapter 3: Starting out: research plans and proposals

Chapter 3: Starting out: research plans and proposals. STAGES IN PLANNING RESEARCH PROJECTS ( Fig. 3.1). 1. Select topic. 2. Review literature . 3. Devise conceptual framework. NB. Stages 1-4 may occur in any order and will probably involve iteration. 4. Decide research question(s).

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Chapter 3: Starting out: research plans and proposals

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  1. Chapter 3: Starting out: research plans and proposals

  2. STAGES IN PLANNING RESEARCH PROJECTS (Fig. 3.1) 1. Select topic 2. Review literature 3. Devise conceptual framework NB. Stages 1-4 may occur in any order and will probably involve iteration 4. Decide research question(s) 5. List information needs 6. Decide research strategy 7. Obtain ethics clearance (if applicable) 8. Conduct Research 9. Report findings 10. Store data A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  3. 1. Choosing a topic: sources of ideas (Fig. 3.2) • Personal interest • The literature • Policy/management problems/issues • Social concerns • Popular/media-based issues • Published research agendas • Brainstorming re. topics arising from a – f • Opportunism A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  4. 1. Topic selection - from the literature (Fig. 3.3) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  5. 1. Topic selection: Purpose of research (Fig. 3.4) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  6. 2. Review literature: roles of the literature (Fig. 3.5) • Can be the entire basis of the research • Source of ideas on topics for research • Source of information on research already done by others • Source of methodological or theoretical ideas • Basis of comparison • Source of information that is an integral/ supportive part of the research • + See Chapter 6 A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  7. 3. Devise conceptual framework • A conceptual framework explains the main things to be studied • can be either graphical or in narrative form,– • uses the key factors, constructs or variables – and the presumed relationships among them. • can be rudimentary or elaborate, • theory-driven or commonsensical, • descriptive or causal. (Miles and Huberman, 1994: 18) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  8. Development of a conceptual framework (Fig. 3.6) Explore/explain relationships between concepts 4. Operationaliseconcepts 2. Identify/list concepts 3. Define concepts A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  9. Explore relationships between concepts – narrative eg. A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  10. Concept map example (Fig. 3.8) Participant Individual characteristics: Age Income Personality Experience A C Individual B Non-participant Influencing event or circumstances: Availability/access Advertising Price Chance event A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  11. Defining and operationalising concepts (Fig. 3.9) • Participant • Definition: Person who engages in sport or exercise activity during leisure time. • Operationalisation: Participation in sport or exercise activity at le • astonce in a week. A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  12. Defining and operationalising concepts (Fig. 3.9) contd • Chance event: • Definition:Unplanned occurrence which affects decision to participate. • Operationalisation:Events which an individual claims affected recent decisions to participate: eg. past experience, advice from friend/relative, item read or seen in the media. A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  13. Defining & operationalising concepts (Fig. 3.9) contd • Individual characteristics • Definiton: Individual attributes (which influence leisure/ tourism decisions), for example: • a. Age • b. Income • c. Personality • d. Past leisure/tourism experience • Operationalisation: • a. Age last birthday • b. Annual household income before tax • c. Results of Myer-Briggs test • d. Leisure: activities undertaken in last six months (from checklist); Tourism: trips taken in last 5 years. A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  14. Operationalisation of concepts: further example: racial groups and urban park use (USA) (West, 1989) (Fig. 3.10) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  15. Urban parks, West (Fig. 3.10) contd A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  16. Urban parks, West (Fig. 3.10) contd A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  17. Conceptual framework as quantifiable model (Fig. 3.11) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  18. Conceptual framework for holiday/leisure choice (Fig. 3.12) Needs HD/LF = Holiday destination/ Leisure facility Based on Witt & Wright (1992) Attractiveness of HD/LF attributes Relative preference for difference holidays/activities Choice of holiday/ activity Actual characteristics of HD/LF Satisfaction with holidays/leisure experience Knowledge of HD/LF characteristics Instrumentality of holiday/activity for providing attributes Limiting factors, eg. cost, others’ preferences, disability access Expectation of being able to take the holiday/use the facility being considered A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  19. Concept map: performance monitoring (Fig. 3.13) Key performance indicators (Concepts Measures (operationalisaton) Objectives Measure 1 Objective 1 KPI 1 Objective 2 KPI 2 Measure 2 Objective 3 KPI 3a Measure 3a KPI 3b Measure 3b Compare/assess A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  20. Conceptual framework: Market research study (Fig. 3.14) Specify type of attraction Specify local market area Local demand estimates Inventory Existing attractions • Demand: • % visiting • frequency • $ spent • Market profile: • age • socio-economic group Local population Total demand for this type of attraction in local market area current b. future Regional population (daytrippers) • Demand for new attraction: • quantitative • qualitative • present • future Tourists Quality assessment Local census/ tourist surveys etc. + forecasts/trends National surveys etc. Surveys/focus groups A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  21. 4. Decide research question(s) • Questions or hypotheses? • A question requires an answer • A problem requires a solution • A hypothesis is expressed as a statement which must be proved: • ‘true’ (consistent with data), or • ‘false’ (not consistent with data) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  22. Research questions vs hypotheses (Fig. 3.16) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  23. Research questions vs hypotheses (Fig. 3.16) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  24. 5. List information needs • See Fig. 3.17 (based on Fig. 3.14) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  25. Specify type of attraction Specify local market area Local demand estimates Inventory Existing attractions • Demand: • % visiting • frequency • $ spent • Market profile: • age • socio-economic group Local population Total demand for this type of attraction in local market area current b. future Regional population (daytrippers) • Demand for new attraction: • quantitative • qualitative • present • future Tourists • -Demand levels (%) • Frequency of visit • $ spent per head • Socio-economic characteristics • Age-structure • Local/regional population levels and characteristics • Tourist numbers and characteristics Quality assessment • User assessment of quality of existing attractions National surveys etc. Local census/ tourist surveys etc. + forecasts/trends Surveys/focus groups

  26. 6. Decide research strategy • Identify project elements/stages • Decide information gathering techniques to be used • Decide data analysis techniques to be used • Decide budget • Draw up timetable A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  27. Research programme diagram example (Fig. 3.19) Week Review brief Review existing research/data Define concepts etc. 1/2 Steering Committee meeting 3 Design quest’re Resident survey Survey analysis Collect inventory data 4/5 Focus groups Draft report Steering C’ttee meeting Finalise report 6/8 A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  28. Research project timetable, example (Fig. 3.20) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  29. 8. Conduct the research • See the rest of the book/course. A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  30. 9. Communicate findings • See chapter 18 A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  31. 10. Store data • Numerous issues arise in relation to: • Security of data • The length of time for which it should be stored • Storage format • Protection of privacy of subjects • Access for secondary analysis • This is discussed particularly in Chapter 4. A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  32. The research process in the real world • Research does not always follow the smooth path suggested in the formal flow-charts • See Fig. 3.21 for some problems which can arise. A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  33. 1. Select topic 2. Literature 3. Conceptual framework 4. Research question(s) Consideration of info. needs causes refining of concept definitions 5. List information needs Cost/time factors cause modification to research questions 6. Research strategy Some re-design required 7. Ethics clearance New literature causes modification to lit. review, etc. 8. Conduct Research Pilot survey results cause re-thinking of research questions 9. Report findings Writing up process leads to re-wording of research questions Disagreements with stakeholders 10. Store data A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  34. Case-studies of the research design process • See Case Studies: • 3.3: Facility use • 3.4: Evaluation public recreation services A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  35. RESEARCH PROPOSALS • Self-generated: • Academics seeking funding • Student projects/theses • Responsive • Consultants responding to research briefs prepared by potential clients (govt, commercial, non-profit) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  36. Self-generated research proposals content (Fig. 3.30) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  37. Self-generated research proposals content: contd A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  38. Responsive proposals: content A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

  39. Responsive proposals: content contd A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

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