紡織品及成衣協定

1. 紡織品及成衣協定 Agreement on Textiles and Clothing 九十一年九月

2. 簡 報 大 綱 壹、紡織品設限沿革及效應 貳、紡織品及成衣協定(ATC)簡介 參、ATC執行情形 肆、 自由貿易環境下之 評估

3. VER始祖 雙邊協定首例 1962 1956 1956 1956 1936 1936 1936 美日君子協定 美日君子協定 美日君子協定 美日雙邊協定 美日雙邊協定 美日雙邊協定 1995 ～2004 1995 ～2004 棉紡品長期協定 1961 1961 1962 1974 1974 棉紡品短期協定 棉紡品短期協定 棉紡品長期協定 W W 多種纖維協定 多種纖維協定 T T O O 紡品協定 紡品協定 歷史悠久長達44年 壹、紡織品設限沿革及效應

4. 妨害受限國紡品貿易發展 二、MFA設限效應：

5. 二、MFA設限效應： 妨害受限國紡品貿易發展 加速國際比較利益之進行

6. 加速國際比較利益之進行 進口國紡織工業資源浪費 妨害受限國紡品貿易發展 二、MFA設限效應：

7. 二、MFA設限效應： 進口國紡織工業資源浪費 較早發展受限國相對獲利 妨害受限國紡品貿易發展 加速國際比較利益之進行

8. 較早發展受限國相對獲利 犧牲進口國消費者權益 加速國際比較利益之進行 進口國紡織工業資源浪費 妨害受限國紡品貿易發展 二、MFA設限效應：

9. 二、MFA設限效應： 犧牲進口國消費者權益 促使受限國提升產銷 進口國紡織工業資源浪費 較早發展受限國相對獲利 妨害受限國紡品貿易發展 加速國際比較利益之進行

10. Article 21. All quantitative restrictions within bilateral agreements maintained under Article 4 or notifiedunder Article 7 or 8 of the MFA in force on the day before the entry into force of the WTO Agreementshall, within 60 days following such entry into force, be notified in detail, including the restraint levels,growth rates and flexibility provisions, by the Members maintaining such restrictions to the TextilesMonitoring Body provided for in Article 8 (referred to in this Agreement as the "TMB"). Membersagree that as of the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement, all such restrictions maintainedbetween GATT 1947 contracting parties, and in place on the day before such entry into force, shallbe governed by the provisions of this Agreement.2. The TMB shall circulate these notifications to all Members for their information. It is opento any Member to bring to the attention of the TMB, within 60 days of the circulation of the notifications,any observations it deems appropriate with regard to such notifications. Such observations shall becirculated to the other Members for their information. The TMB may make recommendations, asappropriate, to the Members concerned. 第八條：監督機構 Article 8 1. In order to supervise the implementation of this Agreement, to examine all measures taken under this Agreement and their conformity therewith, and to take the actions specifically required of it by this Agreement, the Textiles Monitoring Body ("TMB") is hereby established. The TMB shall consist of a Chairman and 10 members. Its membership shall be balanced and broadly representative of the Members and shall provide for rotation of its members at appropriate intervals. The members shall be appointed by Members designated by the Council for Trade in Goods to serve on the TMB, discharging their function on an ad personam basis. 2. The TMB shall develop its own working procedures. It is understood, however, that consensus within the TMB does not require the assent or concurrence of members appointed by Members involved in an unresolved issue under review by the TMB. 12. In the light of its review the Council for Trade in Goods shall by consensus take such decisions as it deems appropriate to ensure that the balance of rights and obligations embodied in this Agreement is not being impaired. For the resolution of any disputes that may arise with respect to matters referred to in Article 7, the Dispute Settlement Body may authorize, without prejudice to the final date set out under Article 9, an adjustment to paragraph 14 of Article 2, for the stage subsequent to the review, with respect to any Member found not to be complying with its obligations under this Agreement. 第五條：防弊條款 前言 前言 第二條： MFA回歸方式 第四條：配額管理 第三條：非MFA回歸方式 第一條：基本原則 第一條：基本原則 AGREEMENT ON TEXTILES AND CLOTHINGMembers,Recalling that Ministers agreed at Punta del Este that "negotiations in the area of textiles andclothing shall aim to formulate modalities that would permit the eventual integration of this sector intoGATT on the basis of strengthened GATT rules and disciplines, thereby also contributing to the objectiveof further liberalization of trade";Recalling also that in the April 1989 Decision of the Trade Negotiations Committee it was agreedthat the process of integration should commence following the conclusion of the Uruguay Round ofMultilateral Trade Negotiations and should be progressive in character;Recalling further that it was agreed that special treatment should be accorded to the least-developedcountry Members;Hereby agree as follows: Article 5 1. Members agree that circumvention by transshipment, re-routing, false declaration concerning country or place of origin, and falsification of official documents, frustrates the implementation of this Agreement to integrate the textiles and clothing sector into GATT 1994. Accordingly, Members should establish the necessary legal provisions and/or administrative procedures to address and take action against such circumvention. Members further agree that, consistent with their domestic laws and procedures, they will cooperate fully to address problems arising from circumvention. 6. Members agree that false declaration concerning fibre content, quantities, description or classification of merchandise also frustrates the objective of this Agreement. Where there is evidence that any such false declaration has been made for purposes of circumvention, Members agree that appropriate measures, consistent with domestic laws and procedures, should be taken against the exporters or importers involved. Should any Member believe that this Agreement is being circumvented by such false declaration and that no, or inadequate, administrative measures are being applied to address and/or to take action against such circumvention, that Member should consult promptly with the Member involved with a view to seeking a mutually satisfactory solution. If such a solution is not reached, the matter may be referred by any Member involved to the TMB for recommendations. This provision is not intended to prevent Members from making technical adjustments when inadvertent errors in declarations have been made. Article 4 1. Restrictions referred to in Article 2, and those applied under Article 6, shall be administered by the exporting Members. Importing Members shall not be obliged to accept shipments in excess of the restrictions notified under Article 2, or of restrictions applied pursuant to Article 6. 4. When changes mentioned in paragraphs 2 and 3 are necessary, however, Members agree that the Member initiating such changes shall inform and, wherever possible, initiate consultations with the affected Member or Members prior to the implementation of such changes, with a view to reaching a mutually acceptable solution regarding appropriate and equitable adjustment. Members further agree that where consultation prior to implementation is not feasible, the Member initiating such changes will, at the request of the affected Member, consult, within 60 days if possible, with the Members concerned with a view to reaching a mutually satisfactory solution regarding appropriate and equitable adjustments. If a mutually satisfactory solution is not reached, any Member involved may refer the matter to the TMB for recommendations as provided in Article 8. Should the TSB not have had the opportunity to review a dispute concerning such changes introduced prior to the entry into force of the WTO Agreement, it shall be reviewed by the TMB in accordance with the rules and procedures of the MFA applicable for such a review. Article 31. Within 60 days following the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement, Membersmaintaining restrictions 4 on textile and clothing products (other than restrictions maintained under theMFA and covered by the provisions of Article 2), whether consistent with GATT 1994 or not, shall(a) notify them in detail to the TMB, or (b) provide to the TMB notifications with respect to them whichhave been submitted to any other WTO body. The notifications should, wherever applicable, provideinformation with respect to any GATT 1994 justification for the restrictions, including GATT 1994provisions on which they are based. 3. During the duration of this Agreement, Members shall provide to the TMB, for its information,notifications submitted to any other WTO bodies with respect to any new restrictions or changes inexisting restrictions on textile and clothing products, taken under any GATT 1994 provision, within60 days of their coming into effect.4. It shall be open to any Member to make reverse notifications to the TMB, for its information,in regard to the GATT 1994 justification, or in regard to any restrictions that may not have been notifiedunder the provisions of this Article. Actions with respect to such notifications may be pursued by anyMember under relevant GATT 1994 provisions or procedures in the appropriate WTO body.5. The TMB shall circulate the notifications made pursuant to this Article to all Members for theirinformation. 第二條： MFA回歸方式 Article 11. This Agreement sets out provisions to be applied by Members during a transition period forthe integration of the textiles and clothing sector into GATT 1994.2. Members agree to use the provisions of paragraph 18 of Article 2 and paragraph 6(b) of Article 6in such a way as to permit meaningful increases in access possibilities for small suppliers and thedevelopment of commercially significant trading opportunities for new entrants in the field of textilesand clothing trade.13. Members shall have due regard to the situation of those Members which have not acceptedthe Protocols extending the Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Textiles (referred to in thisAgreement as the "MFA") since 1986 and, to the extent possible, shall afford them special treatmentin applying the provisions of this Agreement.4. Members agree that the particular interests of the cotton-producing exporting Members should,in consultation with them, be reflected in the implementation of the provisions of this Agreement.5. In order to facilitate the integration of the textiles and clothing sector into GATT 1994, Membersshould allow for continuous autonomous industrial adjustment and increased competition in their markets.6. Unless otherwise provided in this Agreement, its provisions shall not affect the rights andobligations of Members under the provisions of the WTO Agreement and the Multilateral TradeAgreements.7. The textile and clothing products to which this Agreement applies are set out in the Annex. 第三條：非MFA回歸方式 第四條：配額管理 第五條：防弊條款 第六條：防衛措施 第七條：落實GATT 第八條：監督機構 第九條：協定期限 附錄：協定涵蓋產品表 第七條：落實GATT Article 7 1. As part of the integration process and with reference to the specific commitments undertaken by the Members as a result of the Uruguay Round, all Members shall take such actions as may be necessary to abide by GATT 1994 rules and disciplines so as to: (a) achieve improved access to markets for textile and clothing products through such measures as tariff reductions and bindings, reduction or elimination of non-tariff barriers, and facilitation of customs, administrative and licensing formalities; (b) ensure the application of policies relating to fair and equitable trading conditions as regards textiles and clothing in such areas as dumping and anti-dumping rules and procedures, subsidies and countervailing measures, and protection of intellectual property rights; and (c) avoid discrimination against imports in the textiles and clothing sector when taking measures for general trade policy reasons. Such actions shall be without prejudice to the rights and obligations of Members under GATT 1994. 2. Members shall notify to the TMB the actions referred to in paragraph 1 which have a bearing on the implementation of this Agreement. To the extent that these have been notified to other WTO bodies, a summary, with reference to the original notification, shall be sufficient to fulfil the requirements under this paragraph. It shall be open to any Member to make reverse notifications to the TMB. 3. Where any Member considers that another Member has not taken the actions referred to in paragraph 1, and that the balance of rights and obligations under this Agreement has been upset, that Member may bring the matter before the relevant WTO bodies and inform the TMB. Any subsequent findings or conclusions by the WTO bodies concerned shall form a part of the TMB's comprehensive report. 第六條：防衛措施 Article 6 1. Members recognize that during the transition period it may be necessary to apply a specific transitional safeguard mechanism (referred to in this Agreement as "transitional safeguard"). The transitional safeguard may be applied by any Member to products covered by the Annex, except those integrated into GATT 1994 under the provisions of Article 2. Members not maintaining restrictions falling under Article 2 shall notify the TMB within 60 days following the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement, as to whether or not they wish to retain the right to use the provisions of this Article. Members which have not accepted the Protocols extending the MFA since 1986 shall make such notification within 6 months following the entry into force of the WTO Agreement. The transitional safeguard should be applied as sparingly as possible, consistently with the provisions of this Article and the effective implementation of the integration process under this Agreement. 16. When a Member which is not maintaining a restraint under Article 2 decides to apply a restraint pursuant to the provisions of this Article, it shall establish appropriate arrangements which: (a) take full account of such factors as established tariff classification and quantitative units based on normal commercial practices in export and import transactions, both as regards fibre composition and in terms of competing for the same segment of its domestic market, and (b) avoid over-categorization. The request for consultations referred to in paragraphs 7 or 11 shall include full information on such arrangements. 21. The TMB shall keep under review the implementation of this Article. It shall, at the requestof any Member, review any particular matter with reference to the implementation of the provisionsof this Article. It shall make appropriate recommendations or findings within 30 days to the Memberor Members concerned, after inviting the participation of such Members. 貳、ATC簡介 一、條文大綱：

11. 貳、ATC簡介 一、條文大綱： 第九條：協定期限 Article 9 This Agreement and all restrictions thereunder shall stand terminated on the first day of the 121st month that the WTO Agreement is in effect, on which date the textiles and clothing sector shall be fully integrated into GATT 1994. There shall be no extension of this Agreement.

12. …it is the only WTO agreement that has self-destruction built in.

13. 貳、ATC簡介 ANNEX LIST OF PRODUCTS COVERED BY THIS AGREEMENT 1. This Annex lists textile and clothing products defined by Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS) codes at the six-digit level. 2. Actions under the safeguard provisions in Article 6 will be taken with respect to particular textile and clothing products and not on the basis of the HS lines per se. 3. Actions under the safeguard provisions in Article 6 of this Agreement shall not apply to: (a) developing country Members' exports of handloom fabrics of the cottage industry, or hand-made cottage industry products made of such handloom fabrics, or traditional folklore handicraft textile and clothing products, provided that such products are properly certified under arrangements established between the Members concerned; Ch. 51 Wool, fine/coarse animal hair, horsehair yarn & fabric 5105.10 Carded wool 5105.21 Combed wool in fragments 5105.29 Wool tops and other combed wool, other than combed wool in fragments 5105.30 Fine animal hair, carded or combed 一、條文大綱： 附錄：協定涵蓋產品表

15. 1998 2002 2005 17% 18% 49% 紡品全數提前回歸 不保留 (67%) (49%) ( 0 ) 1995/1/1～2004/12/31，十年期間內以漸進方式，將紡品回歸自由貿易規範。 1995年1月1日 16%紡品回歸 GATT 1994 (84%) 防衛措施 84%紡品分三階段回歸 保留 所有WTO會員 1998 2002 設限者逐步放寬設限 尚未回歸項目 17% 18% 未設限者訂有防衛條款 (67%) (49%) 二、協定重點架構：

16. 1 3 4 2 2 2 2

17. 1.防衛措施應依據： • GATT 第十九條 Emergency Action on Imports of Particular Products • 防衛協定(Agreement on Safeguards) (一)不保留防衛措施之會員應視為將產品全數提前回歸自由貿易規範，產品回歸後： 2.不得再採歧視性的數量限制 • 全球配額 • 提高關稅 • 關稅配額

18. (二) 產品回歸之認定方式： 1. 以各該進口國1990年進口量，做為分階段回歸之為基數。 2.回歸產品範圍： • 回歸項目應以稅號或類別為準 • 各階段回歸項目均應涵蓋紗、布、成衣、雜項產品 3.加速回歸 • 已提出回歸計畫之會員，得較原計畫提前回歸 防止空包彈

19. (三)尚未回歸設限紡品之管理方式： 仍由出口國管理配額並放寬設限 與回歸有別 • 分三階段調高配額成長率 • 得於通知TMB及出口國後取消設限 • 取消彈性條款合併使用上限 • 市場佔有率小者給予較大之成長機會 • 分三階段調高配額成長率 • 得於通知TMB及出口國後取消設限 • 取消彈性條款合併使用上限 • 分三階段調高配額成長率 • 得於通知TMB及出口國後取消設限 • 分三階段調高配額成長率 1995-1997：成長率增加16% 1998-2001：成長率增加25% 2002-2004：成長率增加27% 加拿大及歐盟取消移用、預借及換類等三個彈性條款之合併使用上限。 美國及加拿大仍保留移用及預借之合併使用上限。

20. 1.防衛要件 • 進口量激增 • 造成嚴重損害或威脅 2. 適用原則及範圍 • 應儘少使用，不妨害回歸進度 • 應僅適用尚未回歸之非設限項目 • 尚未回歸之設限項目，不得進一步採行防衛措施 • 應按個別會員實施 (四)防衛條款簡介：

21. 3.管制方式 • 數量限制應尊重出口實績 • 設限期限至多三年 • 彈性條款 4. 區別待遇 • 低度開發國家 • 小出口國 • 產羊毛之開發中國家 • 海外加工再進口產品

22. AlbaniaAngola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Australia Austria BahrainBangladesh Barbados Belgium Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia European Community Fiji Finland France Gabon The Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Bissau Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong KongHungary IcelandIndia Indonesia Ireland Israel Hungary India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kenya Korea, Republic of Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Latvia Lesotho Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mal Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent & the Grenadines Senegal Taiwan Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Solomon Isands South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Tanzania Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey UgandaUnited Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States of America Uruguay Venezuela Zambia Zimbabwe AlbaniaAngola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Australia Austria BahrainBangladesh Barbados Belgium Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia European Community Fiji Finland France Gabon The Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Bissau Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong KongHungary Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Israel Hungary India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kenya Korea, Republic of Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Latvia Lesotho Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mal Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent & the Grenadines Senegal Taiwan Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Solomon Isands South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Tanzania Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey UgandaUnited Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States of America Uruguay Venezuela Zambia Zimbabwe 冰島 古巴 香港 澳門 汶萊 新加坡 澳洲 紐西蘭 蒙古 智利 參、ATC執行情形 一、不保留防衛措施之會員：

23. 二、產品回歸狀況：無進口國提前回歸 (一)第一階段(1995~1997) ： • 主要進口國均就不敏感產品回歸，僅一項產品屬設限類別 (二)第二階段(1998~2001) ： • 回歸之設限產品仍極有限，僅30類 • 回歸之設限類別大部份不敏感

24. (三)第三階段(2002~2004) ： • 美國累積回歸之設限產品，約僅佔所有設限項目之32% 【三階段累積回歸類別表】

25. 三、放寬設限情形： (一)增加配額： • 調整成長率及取消彈性條款合併上限 • 增加小供應國配額(提前適用下一階段成長率)

26. (二)取消設限： • 1997/3：美國取消菲律賓嬰兒成衣(239類)設限 • 1997/7：加拿大取消男用車縫領襯衫(6類)設限 • 1998/1：美國取消羅馬尼亞部份產品(合計11個 類別)的設限 • 1998/1：加拿大取消雨衣(1類)、搭配套裝(4A類) 、紗麗(4B類)、小孩梭織襯衫(7類)、女 針織襯衫(8A類)、嬰兒大衣(14A)設限 • 2001/1：挪威取消全部產品的設限

27. 四、防衛條款使用情形： • 美國、巴西、哥倫比亞、阿根廷及波蘭等五國使用 • 美國濫施叫停1995年：24次(撤銷12案) 1996年： 1次 (設限) 1997年： 1次 (撤銷) 1999年： 1次 (設限)

28. 我國入會前被施以防衛措施情形(四國七案)

29. 五、檢討情形： • Doha部長級會議決議： 貨品貿易理事會應於本年7月底前，就下列兩檢討案向總理事提出報告： • 對小供應國以較優惠方式計算配額 • 第三階段加速成長率提前至2000年適用 • 貨品貿易理事會檢討結果： • 美歐進口國與ITCB出口國立場對立 • 因完全無共識，不向總理事會提交報告

30. 肆、自由貿易環境下之 評估 一、進口產品對我紡織業之衝擊： 紡織業並未享有非關稅貿易壁壘之保護與扶持。 於1988年已大幅降稅。 ？ 消費實力強勁，業界原料需求亦殷，是否造成進口激增或外貨傾銷。

31. 成衣雜項失去配額保護，亟待調整因應。 紗布產品無配額限制，增加無限成長空間。 二、出口所遭遇到之衝擊與影響：

32. 我國輸美紗布成長，成衣及雜項衰退

33. 三、進口國是否繼續保護本國產業： (一)反傾銷及平衡稅： • 以反傾銷及平衡稅等措施變相保護 市場 • 美國及歐盟為使用反傾銷及平衡稅 最多的國家

34. (二)大陸入會特殊條款： 2005 2008/12/31 2013/12/10 紡品貿易 自由化 4年 紡織品防衛條款：各會員可對造成其市場擾亂之大陸紡品採行配額措施 約8年11個月 特定產品防衛條款：各會員可對造成其市場擾亂之大陸產品(包括紡織品)採行防衛措施

35. 大陸輸美各項產品激增，引起美業者關切

36. FREE TRADE 不保留 防衛措施 濫施 反傾銷 防衛條款 使用情形 放寬 設限情形 產品 回歸狀況

37. 報告完畢 敬請指教