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Reproductive

Reproductive. Anatomy and Physiology. Presented by Ann Hearn. Menstrual Cycle. Varies every 28 - 35 days The time between ovulation and menstruation is relatively constant (14 days). Follicular phase.

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Reproductive

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  1. Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology Presented by Ann Hearn

  2. Menstrual Cycle • Varies every 28 - 35 days • The time between ovulation and menstruation is relatively constant (14 days). Follicular phase. • The variable is from menses to ovulation. It can not be predicted, the luteal phase. • Affected by various physical and emotional factors

  3. Reproductive A&P You are responsible for reviewing the female and male reproductive structures and functions that make childbearing possible.

  4. MENSTRUAL CYCLES Ovarian Cycle Hormonal Cycle Endometrial Cycle

  5. Ovarian Cycle • Development of the Graafian Follicle • Ovulation • Formation of Corpus Luteum

  6. Signs and Symptomsof Ovulation 1. Body Temperature increase 2. Mittelschmerz 3. Cervical Mucus Changes • Increase in amount • Becomes thin, watery, and clear • Ferning • Stretchable: Spinnbarkheit • Alkaline

  7. Hormonal Cycle • FSH -- Follicle Stimulating Hormone • Begins Growth and Maturation of graafian follicle • LH -- Luteinizing Hormone • assists in continued growth of graafian follicle • ESTROGEN • responsible for proliferation of endometrium • PROGESTERONE • Pro-gestation. Corpus luteum produces progesterone so endometrium won’t slough

  8. Endometrial Cycle • Proliferation Phase • marked growth of glands and stroma • Secretory / Progestational Phase • endometrium secretes nourishment for the ovum • endometrium becomes thick and soft • getting ready for implantation • Menstrual Phase • without fertilization, both progesterone and estrogen drop--sloughing occurs. Corpus luteum degenerates.

  9. FSH LH Progesterone Estrogen a. proliferation of the endometrium b. begins the growth of the graafian follicle c. prevents sloughing of the endometrium d. stimulates continued growth of the graafian follicle Matching

  10. Critical Thinking • The phase of the menstrual cycle when the endometrium is getting thick and soft and preparing for implantation is known as: a. secretory phase b. menstrual phase c. proliferative phase

  11. Conception Maturation of Ovum and Sperm Cells • Pregnancy comes about from the union of a female germ cell, ovum with a male germ cell, the spermatozoon.

  12. One ovum per month is discharged from the ovary. It is transported into the fallopian tube where it begins its journey through the tube in search for the sperm. Viable for 6 - 26 hours

  13. Fertilization • When intercourse occurs, millions of sperm travel in search of an ova. Sperm release an enzyme as they swarm around the ova and one sperm is able to penetrate -- fertilization

  14. Fertilization

  15. Usually occurs in the distal portion of the fallopian tube • Once sperm penetrates ova, physiological barrier renders the ova impenetrable by other sperm, thus only one sperm enters a single ova • Each contributes 23 Chromosomes making a Total of 46 chromosomes • Sex of baby determined at this time. X =female, Y = male

  16. Fertilized Ovum begins its travel to the uterus

  17. Intrauterine Development • Two main phases are: • 1. Cellular multiplication • 2. Implantation

  18. Cellular Multiplication • The fertilized zygote begins its travel through the fallopian tube toward the uterus. • Cell / mitotic division (cleavage) occurs • Morula eventually forms a fluid filled cavity within the cell mass. • Inner solid cell mass is called Blastocyst • Outer cell mass that surrounds the cavity is the Trophoblast

  19. CHANGES Trophoblast Outer layer of cells Placenta Chorion Blastocyst INNER CELL MASS Fetus Amnion

  20. Zygote travels for about 7 days Implantation Small finger-like projections extend from the trophoblast And burrows into the endometrium Implantation enables the blastocyst to absorb nutrients

  21. Decidua After implantation, the endometrium becomes more thickened, the cells enlarge, and is now called the Decidua. • Decidua Basalis part directly under the blastocyst • Decidua capsularis portion that is pushed out by the growing blastocyst and covers the blastocyst • Decidua Vera --portion which is not in immediate contact with the ovum

  22. Decidua • Basalis • Capsularis • Vera (parietalis)

  23. Cellular Differentiation • At 10 – 14 days of age, the blastocyst or beginning zygote begins cellular differentiation into the primary germ layers. • All tissues, organs, and systems develop from these layers.

  24. Germ Layers Ectoderm • nervous • skin, hair, nails • sensory organs • Mesoderm • muscle • connective tissue • blood vessels • bone marrow • Endoderm • Genitourinary • Respiratory--larynx, trachea, lungs • Digestive

  25. Ask Yourself ?? • The thickened endometrium in which the fertilized embryo implants is called the: a. endoderm b. decidua c. amnion d. chorion

  26. Answer this ... • The fetal nervous system is formed by the germ layer known as the: a. ectoderm b. mesoderm c. entoderm d. endoderm

  27. Development • Stage 1 – pre-embryonic • weeks 1 - 2 • Stage 2 -- embryonic • weeks 3 - 8 • period of ORGANOGENESIS • Stage 3 -- fetal • weeks 9 - 40

  28. Pre-embryonic PeriodWeeks 1-2 • Traveling in the fallopian tube where rapid cellular multiplication and differentiation occurs. • The establishment of the embryonic membranes and the germ layers (germinal period). • Groove formed along middle of the back for the neural tube.

  29. Embryonic PeriodWeeks 3-8 • Week 3 • anterior end of neural tube closes to form the brain and the posterior end closes to form the spinal cord • Heart begins to beat • Eyes appear • Limb Buds for arms and legs • CR = 4 mm

  30. Week 5 • Head grows larger • Hand and feet plates develop • Facial features begin to develop • CR = 8 mm.

  31. Week 6 • Fetal circulation is established • Chambers form in the heart • Upper lip and palate start fusing • Eyes move to front of face • Fingers are webbed • External ear develops

  32. Week 7 • Eyelids start to form • Fingers develop; elbows visible • Diaphragm separates abdomen from chest • Bronchi develop • Arms and legs move

  33. Week 8 • Fingers and toes distinct • Skeletal ossification begins • Testes and ovaries are distinguishable • Heart has four chambers • Circulation through umbilical cord occurs • *** ALL essential external and internal structures are present and now will continue to grow

  34. Fetal PeriodWeeks 9-40 12 weeks 18 weeks 32 weeks gestation 24 weeks 16 weeks

  35. Weeks 9-12 Head size increases Face is well formed Nails appear Eyelids appear and close and fuse shut Kidneys excrete urine Intestines are forming; peristalsis begins Heartbeat can be heard via ultrasound Tooth buds appear for the baby teeth

  36. Weeks 13-16 Lips form, facial contour develops Ossification of bone begins Meconium begins to form in the intestines Hair present on scalp Sex can be determined visually

  37. Weeks 17-20 Hair abundant on head Lanugo covers the body Vernix begins to form Myelination of spinal cord begins Suck and swallow begin Quickening occurs ~ 18 weeks

  38. Weeks 21-24 weeks • Respiratory movement with air sacs formed • Surfactant production begins ~ 24 weeks • Brain appears mature • Eyebrows and eyelashes can be seen • Reacts to sudden noise with active movement

  39. Weeks 25 - 28 Eyelids open and close Capillaries proliferate around the lungs’ alveoli making gas exchange possible Skin has wrinkled red appearance Rapid brain development

  40. Weeks 29- 32 Subcutaneous fat forms Testes start descending Fingernails and toenails are complete Bones are fully developed, but still soft and pliable

  41. Weeks 33 - 40 Limbs start to flex Muscle tone is developed Lanugo disappears Body begins to store fat Maternal antibodies transfer to the fetus Exhibits sleep and awake patterns

  42. Functions of the Placenta Fetal Respirations Fetal Nutrition Endocrine Functions Elimination of Wastes Barrier against certain substances

  43. Embryonic Membranes At the time of implantation, the embryonic membranes begin to form. The two main membranes are the: 1. Chorion 2. Amnion

  44. Chorion Thick membrane with finger-like projections called chorionic villi. Chorionic villi contain blood vessels that are main connection with mother. Chorionic villi produce human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) Merges with the decidua basalis to form the PLACENTA.

  45. Amnion Smooth, glistening membrane know as the AMNION is the lining of a fluid filled space that develops around the embryo.

  46. Functions of Amniotic Fluid Keeps the fetus at an even temperature Cushions the fetus against possible injury Provides place for the fetus to move easily and grow symmetrically Fetus drinks the fluid

  47. Umbilical Vessels • 1 Veins – O2 & nutrients • 2 Artery – CO2 & waste products rich • Wharton’s jelly

  48. Teratogens • Risk factors such as environmental substances • Smoking • Alcohol • Drugs • Viruses • Occupational hazards

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