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Geography ***PG. 167***

China: A Nation Closed Off… Essential Question: What are the key characteristics of the Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan (Mongol Empire) and Ming Dynasties?. Geography ***PG. 167***. 4-7-1

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Geography ***PG. 167***

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  1. China: A Nation Closed Off…Essential Question:What are the key characteristics of the Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan (Mongol Empire) and Ming Dynasties?

  2. Geography ***PG. 167*** 4-7-1 -after Han collapsed, people started to invade all areas of China and blended with traditional Chinese culture—more people identified themselves as Chinese -North: people grew wheat, barley, grains -South: rice (warmer and wetter climate) -farming increased because new irrigation techniques (*PG. 171) -fast-ripening rice meant two-three crops in one season -more time meant more crops (cotton and tea)

  3. Trade & Economy 4-7-2 -agricultural surpluses paid government taxes -population is at 100 million by Song Dynasty (960) -Chang’an was capital during Tang (618) and is largest city in the world at that time -trade along the Grand Canal -exports: tea, rice, spices, jade, silk (secret), porcelain -imports: foods, plants, wool, glass, gold, silver -paper money in the 900s!!!

  4. Politics & Government: HAN DYNASTY 4-7-1 -Han Dynasty falls: -before fall, Han Dynasty was based on Confucianism and was culturally and educationally advanced (some Chinese people still refer to themselves as “people of the Han”) -Period of Disunion from 220-589 -cultural blending throughout all of China (population increase)

  5. Politics & Government : SUI DYNASTY(Sway) *589-618* -Period of Disunion ended in 589 -Yang Jian (Yang Jee-en) conquered south and unified China (later named Wen Di, which means “Civic” or “polished” emperor) -started Grand Canal (links Yellow River and Yangzi River) -made improvements to Great Wall -he and his son were harsh--forced peasants who couldn’t pay taxes to fight in army or work on civic projects (increased size of palace…needed over 1 million workers…40%died…civic???) -Wen Di was Buddhist, but supported Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism in order to unite people -civic projects helped unite people

  6. Politics & Government: TANG DYNASTY *618-907* • -Sui official overthrew government and started Tang • -expanded China’s land • -considered golden age of China (art, culture) • -Empress Wu (*PG. 168*) • -China’s only woman ruler • -husband was sick and died-she decided her sons were not worthy to rule—if people opposed her then they faced death —brought stability (did not like Buddhism…why not?)

  7. Politics & Government: TANG Cont’d. • -Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism grew (Buddhism a little too much…) • -big government had power and not local • -government had division of labor • -“equal-field system” (each male was given an amount of acreage and paid taxes based on the amount, so a peasant could potentially gain more land, status, and wealth…) • 4-7-2 • -inventions (woodblock printing, gunpowder, magnetic compass) • -lasted over 300 years • -disorder again (from 907-960)…

  8. Politics & Government: SONG DYNASTY *960-1279* -50 years of civil war before someone took charge in south because north was being overrun by foreigners -Age of Buddhism (impacted art, culture, literature) 4-7-3 -Neo-Confucianism gained popularity as government needed order (blended societal roles with spiritual outlook, less focus on issue of desire and more on ) -merchants gained power with increased trade -bureaucracy, civil service, and scholar-officials *PG. 178* -paid to work in the government -spent years studying for several exams -few passed, but if they did they got respect, reduced penalties for law-breaking 4-7-2 -inventions (moveable type, paper money *PG. 175*)

  9. Politics & Government: Mongol Empire (Yuan Dynasty) *1260-1368* -PG. 181 • 4-7-4 -led by Genghis Khan in 1206 -brutal ruler (killed men, women, children) -ruled most of Asia, and then conquered northern China by his death in 1227 -grandson Kublai Khan takes over after 40 years of fighting (only non-Chinese Dynasty) *PG. 187 (Yuan Dynasty 1260-1368)* -completes Chinese conquest -emperor in 1279 -Mongols seen as rude and uncivilized (different language, customs, gods) barbarians! -Khan did not force ideas on Chinese, but did force high taxes (public works projects completed by Chinese workers)

  10. Politics & Government: Mongol Empire Cont’d. -Social Classes were very important: -1st class: tax-free Mongols -2nd class: non-Chinese civil servants -3rd class: Northern Chinese -4th class: Southern Chinese -Khan believed in traditional shamanism (good and evil spirits heard through priests), but allowed Chinese people to keep their beliefs -Marco Polo (Italian trader who served on Khan’s court and wrote about Khan’s trade) -invaded Japan 1274 and 1281-weather caused failure…remember this for Japan! -Mongols were weak (battles destroyed farmland and people) and Chinese rebelled and regained control in 1300s

  11. Religion: Buddhism 4-7-1 -Buddhism (Buddha): Sadartha Ghatma -eight-fold path and four noble truths -Nirvana (desire nothing worldly) -brought from India during Han Dynasty -people turned to it during Period of Disunion -began to blend with Confucianism and Daoism

  12. Religion: Confucianism -Confucianism (Confucius): -Kong Fu Zi (first called Confucius by Europeans) -focused on ethics -two principles (ren: concern for others & li: appropriate behavior) -ruler to ruled should be like parent to child (respect and obedience) -lost influence to Buddhism (Confucianism focused on roles in society and Buddhism offered on an escape from suffering) -Neo-Confucianism (mixed government and spirituality)

  13. Religion: Daoism -Daoism (Laozi): -“the way” or “the path” -man should focus on relationship with nature -balance in life (yin and yang)

  14. Society & Culture • 4-7-2 -People with power and wealth wanted to show their wealth (royal courts, flaunt wealth) • --It was believed feet binding came from ancient courts of the Song and Tang (a princess with a club foot, or elegant dancers with small feet) • -(women from wealthy families who did not need them to work could afford to have their feet bound) • Women would have their feet at age of 2-5 soaked in • Water, their toes pushed back as far as possible until • Broken, then held as tight as possible to their heel to • Eliminate their arch. This process would be repeated • To keep the foot bound for life.

  15. 3 inch shoes ideal

  16. Science & Technology *PG. 174* 4-7-2 -paper money by 900s as a result of trade growth -art, poetry, clay -woodblock printing (transfer printing from carved wood to paper) -gunpowder

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