1 / 29

Chapter 4: Section1 What Are Minerals?

Chapter 4: Section1 What Are Minerals?. Minerals – a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition. What 5 Characteristics Does a Mineral Have to Have?. A mineral must be: Naturally Occurring Inorganic Solid Crystal Structure

conan
Download Presentation

Chapter 4: Section1 What Are Minerals?

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Chapter 4: Section1What Are Minerals? • Minerals – a naturally occurring, inorganicsolid that has a crystalstructure and a definite chemicalcomposition

  2. What 5 Characteristics Does a Mineral Have to Have? A mineral must be: • Naturally Occurring • Inorganic • Solid • Crystal Structure • Definite Chemical Composition

  3. What Does It Mean to Be Naturally Occurring? • A mineral must occurnaturally • Cement, brick, steel, and glass all come from substances found in Earth’s crust but they are manufactured by people

  4. How Can Something Be Inorganic? • Inorganic – the mineral cannot arise from materials that were once part of a living thing • Ex. Coal is NOT a mineral because it is made up the remains of plants and animals

  5. What kind of pattern must a mineral have? • A mineral must have a crystal structure – a repeating pattern of a mineral’s particles that forms a solid. • Faces – a crystal’s flat side that meets at sharp edges and corners

  6. What kind of composition must a mineral have? • A mineral must have a definite chemical composition – it always contains certain elements in definite proportions; most minerals are compounds Cinnabar – composed of the elements Mercury and Sulfur

  7. What Is the Difference Between an Element and a Compound? • Element – a substance composed of asinglekind ofatom. Ex. Hydrogen • Compound –Twoor moreelementscombinedso that the elements no longer have distinctproperties Ex. Water H20

  8. Properties: Density Crystal Shape Cleavage and Fracture Special Properties Hardness Color (this can vary) Streak Luster How Do You Identify Minerals?

  9. How Do You Determine a Mineral’s Hardness? • Friedrich Mohs invented a test to describe and compare the hardness of minerals • Mohs Hardness Scale • Ranks ten minerals from softest to hardest

  10. How Does the Mohs Scale Work? • Gypsum (2) will scratch talc (1), calcite (3) will scratch gypsum (2), fluorite (4) will scratch calcite (3), etc.

  11. What Is a Streak Test? • The streak of a mineral is the color of its powder • The streak color and the mineral color are often different • To test: rub a mineral against an unglazed tile (streak plate)

  12. What is the Luster of a mineral? • Luster – used to describe how a mineralreflectslightfrom itssurface • Minerals containing metals are oftenshiny • Earthy, waxy, and pearly

  13. What does Density have to do with Minerals? • Each mineral has a characteristicDensity • Density – or mass per unit volume; Density = mass/volume • Displacement – the volume of the displaced water equals the volume of the the sample

  14. What Kind of Shape does a Mineral have? • Minerals have a crystal structure • Cubic • Hexagonal • Tetragonal • Orthorhombic • Monoclinic • Triclinic

  15. What is Mineral Cleavage? • Cleavage – A mineral’s ability to split easily along a flat surface • The ability to break apart depends on the arrangement of the atoms in the mineral Cubic Cleavage Basal Cleavage

  16. What is Mineral Fracture? • Fracture – How a mineral looks when it breaks apart in an irregular way

  17. What Special Properties does a Mineral have? • Fluorescence –minerals that glow under ultraviolet light • Magnetism - ex. Loadstone • Chemical Reactivity- ex. Calcite gives off carbondioxide • Electrical Properties – ex. quartz

  18. Section2: How are Minerals Formed? • Two General Ways: • Crystallization of melted materials • Minerals fromMagma • Crystallization of materials dissolved in water • Minerals fromHot watersolutions • Minerals formedby evaporation

  19. What is Crystallization? • Crystallization • the process by which atoms are arranged to form a material with a crystal structure

  20. How do Minerals form from Magma? • Minerals form as magma cools inside the crust, or as lava hardens on the surface

  21. What Effects Crystal Size? • Rate at which magma cools • Slower cooling forms larger crystals • The amount of gas the magma contains • The chemical composition of the magma

  22. How do Minerals Form from Hot Water Solutions? • Magma beneath Earth’s surface has heated the water to a high temperature beneath Earth’s surface causing minerals to dissolve • When this solution cools the elements and compounds leave the solution and crystallize as minerals

  23. What is a Solution? • Solution – A mixture in which one substance dissolves in another

  24. What do Pure Metals often form from Hot Water Solutions? • Veins – A narrow channel orslabof amineralthat is much different from the surrounding rock

  25. How are Minerals Formed by Evaporation? • As water turns to vapor it leaves behind the mineral • Example: A salt water solution leaves behind large crystals of salt

  26. Where are Minerals Found? • Earth’s crust is made up of a variety of minerals however; rare and less common minerals are usually located near plateboundaries because of volcanic activity and mountain building

  27. Section 3: How are Minerals Used? • Minerals are the source of • Metals ex. Aluminum, Iron • Gemstones ex. Rubies and Sapphires • Other Useful materials ex. Talc (talcum powder)

  28. Ore What? • Ore - A rock that contains a metal or economically useful mineral • Most metals, gemstones, and useful minerals must be separated from their ores

  29. What are the 3 Types of Mines? • StripMines – Giant equipment is used to scrape away soil • OpenPit Mines – Miners dig a tremendous pit • Shaft Mines – A network of tunnels that extend deep underground

More Related