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Civil War

Civil War. 1861-1865 Grant v Lee: History Channel Documentary. ELECTION OF 1860. The Election of 1860: Quick Facts. 4 candidates, but really was 2 sectionalist elections North was Lincoln vs. Douglas South was Breckenridge vs. Bell

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Civil War

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  1. Civil War 1861-1865 Grant v Lee: History Channel Documentary

  2. ELECTION OF 1860

  3. The Election of 1860:Quick Facts • 4 candidates, but really was 2 sectionalist elections • North was Lincoln vs. Douglas • South was Breckenridge vs. Bell • Lincoln did not even appear on a ballot in several southern states • Douglas was seen in a poor light by southerners – a traitor

  4. SECESSION! • November 13, 1860 – one week after Lincoln elected South Carolina convention to consider withdrawing from union • Four days later South Carolina statement of reasons for secession • Dec of I established right to abolish abusive gov’t and create new one • Gov failed to protect slavery (property rights of slaveholders)

  5. Mississippi secedes January 9, 1861, Florida January 10, 1861, Alabama January 11, 1861, Georgia Louisiana & Texas on February 1, 1861 • Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas warn if force used against a state they would withdraw as well

  6. The Secession Dominos Fall

  7. "The Hercules of 1861" In this political cartoon, a Union officer (unidentified) swings a club labeled "Union" in defense against a many-headed serpent labeled "Secession." The serpent's heads are: Floyd, Pickens, Beauregard, Twiggs, Davis, Stephens, and Toombs, all leaders of the Southern secession movement and the resulting Confederacy. Fighting Secession

  8. Southerners and Secession • Support not universal • Only in SC was vote unanimous • Other states have stipulations to secession • Some states 30-40% were opposed to secession

  9. Northern Response • Reaction to secession varied as in south • Some felt nation better w/out slave states • Some wanted south go in peace • Others worried long term effects of secession • “No state can lawfully, get out of the Union, without the consent of the others” - Abraham Lincoln

  10. Lincoln Waits • In 1800s president term began March (not January as today) • Lincoln refused to make any public statement • Committed to preserving Union

  11. Buchanan Lame Duck? • President Buchanan did little to help – agree secession is illegal, but Constitution gave no power to federal gov to prevent it • Took stand when SC governor demanded federal property in state be handed over to state authorities • Included Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie in Charleston Harbor • Fort’s commander moved all troops to Sumter = stronger of 2

  12. The Confederate States of America • Early February 1861 delegates of 7 seceded states met to form new nation • Wanted gov in place before Lincoln took office • 5 days wrote constitution – modeled after US Constitution. 2 key differences: • Specifically recognize and protected slavery • Recognized the sovereign and independent nature of each state • Jefferson Davis = president elect • Alexander Stephens = vp • Temporary until elections held in fall

  13. Davis Becomes President • He did not want presidency • Arrived February 16 and took oath of office February 18 • “We are without means, without machinery, and threatened by a powerful opposition” Davis worried in a letter to his wife

  14. Confederate Government • New nation no currency • Job of making currency was at first contracted to company in NY • Held first cabinet meeting in hotel room • Some cabinet members opposed secession

  15. Compromise Fails • Even after formation of Confederacy, US gov tried to keep Union together • More than 30 compromise plans drafted and presented to Congress

  16. The Crittenden CompromiseJanuary 1861 • Proposed amending US Constitution: • ban slavery north of old Missouri Compromise line • guarantee slavery not be interfered with below line • pay slaveholders for loss of escaped slaves • prohibit Congress from interfering with transport of slaves from one state to another • guarantee none of these amendments could ever be repealed by future amendments • Response • Leaders in both North and South opposed • Lincoln especially opposed

  17. The Peace Convention • February 4, 1861 in Washington DC • Nicknamed Old Gentlemen’s Club – many members leaders from time long past in America • All could offer after month of debate was compromise similar to Crittenden • 2 days before Lincoln take office rejected Peace Convention’s plan in Senate

  18. Lincoln’s Inauguration • March 4, 1861 Abraham Lincoln became president of the United States • “I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so” – AL inauguration address • APRIL 12, 1861 Confederate guns fire on Fort Sumter starting the 4 year long American Civil War

  19. Names for the Civil War • The War between the States • The War for Southern Independence • The War for Southern Rights • The Second War for Independence • The War to Suppress Yankee Arrogance • The War Against Slavery • The War Against Northern Aggression • The Yankee Invasion • The War for Abolition

  20. CHOOSING SIDESThe Confederate States of America Every man must be for the United States or against it, there can be no neutrals in this war, only patriots – or traitors” –Stephen Douglas • By Feb of 1861 a constitution had been created and Jefferson Davis had been chosen as President • The New Confederacy was formed Lower South (Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana, & Texas) Upper/Middle South (South Carolina Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas) Border Slave States (Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri, & parts of VA [West Virginia}) -Importance of the Border States for both sides

  21. FORT SUMTER FALLS • April 12, 1861 Confederates fire on FS in Charleston, SC harbor • Month earlier Lincoln gets message from Anderson: provisions running low • Lincoln did not want to reassure South of North unwillingness to fight or anger North by implying South a separate nation Fort Sumter: Ken Burns

  22. Lincoln gets sneaky • Decided not to surrender but to tell Confed. that only sending nonmilitary supplies (ie) food • Jefferson Davis did not want Northern symbol of federal authority in South • 4/12/1861 Confed open fire on Fort and it surrenders next AM

  23. April 14 Confederate flag replaces American flag over fort

  24. FUN FACT • During the 100-gun salute to the U.S. flag—Anderson's one condition for withdrawal—a pile of cartridges blew up from a spark, killing one soldier instantly (Private Daniel Hough) and seriously injuring the rest of the gun crew, one mortally (Private Edward Galloway); these were the first fatalities of the war. The salute was stopped at fifty shots.

  25. “Blood is thicker than water” • Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers to serve 90 days to put down rebellion • Northerners rushed to enlist • Forced 8 slave states still in Union to choose a side April 17 VA seceded followed by Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina • Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri (the border states) no decision yet

  26. MARYLAND • Border states = slaveholding states still in Union • Maryland most critical border state – Washington, DC would be completely surrounded by Confed if it seceded • Lincoln put MD under martial law

  27. MISSOURI • MISSOURI - Confeds never gain enough control here to get her to secede • KENTUCKY – 700 miles of Ohio River at stake • Initially chose not to take a side, but invaded by Confed. in 9/1861 and chose to side with Union

  28. SOUTHERN SECESSION!!

  29. Border State Conflicts • Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, & Missouri: slave-holding states that remained in the Union • These states were important geographically as well as philosophically • Maryland • was extremely critical – near D.C. • When Confederates made an advance on Maryland Lincoln, fearing a move on Washington, put down Martial Law • a pro-Union leg. will be elected next election. • Missouri • Loyalties were divided and critical for control of the Mississippi • Half the state were secessionist others were pro-Union • Lincoln moved in Union troops to keep control

  30. Lincoln & The North Secession was an attack on popular government Rejected Gen. W. Scott’s plan for economic sanctions & a blockade – THE ANACONDA PLAN (see next slide) Lincoln insisted on an aggressive military strategy & a policy of unconditional surrender. Jefferson Davis & the Confederate South - “all we ask is to be left alone” - Believed they only needed a stalemate to achieve the goal of independence. War Objectives

  31. The Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) 1861 Union General: Irvin McDowell • Marched into Virginia; took 2 ½ days Confederate General: P.T. Beauregard - discovered the Union march; called reinforcement • Both had inexperienced armies • Battle became chaotic and a free for all going back & forth • Union began to advance until Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson appeared • Confederates began to force union retreat.. Stop Drop & RUN!!!!!!!! • Confederates could have driven the Union deep; but stopped because of disorganization Impact • Confederates suffered nearly 2,000 casualties; • Union 2,900 • Ended Union hopes for a short war • Lincoln replaced McDowell with George McClellan who formed a real army & The Army of the Potomac - New technologies developed

  32. First Battle of Bull Run

  33. War in the West Goal: Control the Ohio, Mississippi, & Missouri Rivers so as to: a) divide the Confederacy b) reduce the mobility of the southern army General U.S. Grant – Accomplishments:1) Ft. Henry (Tenn. River) 2) Ft. Donelson (Cumberland River), 3) Seized critical RR lines SURPRISE - Battle of Shiloh: large # of casualties: (April 1862) - Southerners surprised a encamped Union soldiers at Shiloh Church - Confederates pushed the Union soldiers back against the Tennessee River. - in the morning Grant counter-attacked and drove the Confederates in retreat - 2 day battle was the bloodiest producing 13,000 Union losses & 10,000 Confederate losses

  34. The Mississippi River Campaign“New Orleans gone- and with it the Confederacy. Are we not cut in two? The Mississippi ruins us if lost…Death, not life, seems to be our fate now Goal: • Split the Confederacy • Gain complete control of the Mississippi Who: David Farragut – Naval Commander How: 1) Land at Pittsburg landing and move south along the Mississippi 2) Control the Gulf of Mexico, 3) Capture New Orleans (south’s financial center) 4) continue to move northward cutting the south in half

  35. The War in the East Plan • Grant moves south through Tennessee; McClellan's Army moves East – both meet up and conquer the Confederacy • McClellan wanted to attack Richmond from the East (weakest side) but was never quite ready

  36. Conducting the War in the East • The Peninsula Campaign • March 1862 McClellan begins to move • Met 15,000 Confederates at Yorktown, but delayed an order of attack asking for reinforcements (probably not even needed) • Lincoln refuses because of Stonewall Jackson causing trouble elsewhere and fearing an attack on Washington D.C. • Lincoln gives order to McClellan to engage – ACTION • McClellan ignores the order and when he finally does attack it is to late, the Confederates retreated to Richmond • Lee realized the caution of McClellan, and pretended to mount an attack against D.C.; meanwhile Stonewall Jackson was gaining ground elsewhere • Lincoln became bothered by the leadership and caution of McClellan • McClellan will be engaged in a battle with Lee & Jackson, and although victorious he retreated to regroup • The Second Battle of Bull Run • Lincoln ordered McClellan & Gen. Pope to trap Lee’s forces • McClellan was overcautious and refused leaving Pope in command • Pope loses and McClellan is back in command

  37. Civil War at Sea • Running the Blockade • Union used blockades to stop southern trade with the rest of the world • By 1862 southern ports were under northern control • South responded with blockade runner ships that were built for speed • South was running low on supplies so these were necessary to deliver food, medicine, & military supplies • Somewhat successful • The Monitor vs. the Merrimack • Confederates wanted to destroy the blockade • Took the heavily damage northern ironclad ship the Merrimack, covered it with thick iron & renamed it the Virginia • Union officials responded with the Monitor • Met off the coast of Virginia on March 9, 1862 • No winner, but changed naval warfare

  38. Monitor vs. Merrimack (Virginia)

  39. The Union is Invaded • Recent Confederate momentum had north nervous – “the nation is rapidly sinking…” • General Lee & Davis were aware of this and saw opportunity. “The present seems to be the most favorable time for the Confederate army to enter Maryland” • Motivating factors: 1) a Confederate victory may cause the Union to seek peace 2) possible recognition by France and/or England 3) move fighting out of Virginia and help southern farmers • Sept 1862 Lee’s army crosses the Potomac into Maryland with McClellan in pursuit • Careless Confederate drops Lee’s Plans; found by a Union soldier • McClellan now believes he has Lee right where he wants him, “If I cannot whip Bobbie Lee, I will be willing to go home.”

  40. The Union is Invaded: Battle of Antietam • McClellan (70,000 troops) caught Lee’s army (40,000 troops) • McClellan delayed attack for 16 hours, giving the Confederates time to organize their defenses • Sept 17, 1862 the bloodiest single day battle took place at Antietam. • Combined casualties 23,000 + • McClellan had about 25,000 troops in reserve to deliver the final blow – he never gave the orders • Lincoln ordered him to “destroy the rebel army” • McClellan did not, allowing the Confederates to retreat back to Virginia • Lincoln ordered McClellan in pursuit, he refused • Lincoln fired McClellan for the second & final time

  41. The Union is Invaded:Battle of Fredericksburg • Lincoln replaced McClellan with Gen. Ambrose Burnside • Met up with Lee as he marched towards Richmond • Decided to do a direct frontal attack • Burnside believed his superior numbers would defeat Lee’s • Ordered his troops to charge forward 14 times, a horrible slaughter • Union army lost about 13,000 men • Disaster at Fredericksburg launched the north into gloom

  42. On the Road to Emancipation • Frederick Douglass - wanted to redefine the war as a struggle against slavery. • Lincoln – defined the conflict as a struggle to preserve the Union and to destroy slavery Questions raised: 1) Was saving the Union still enough? 2) Should the south be punished for their actions? If so how much --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- April 1862 – Slavery ends in Washington D.C. January 1863 – Emancipation Proclamation - legally abolished slavery in all states that remained out of the union; left slavery intact in the slave border states The key- The only way the proclamation would work depended upon two things: 1)success of the Rep. Party 2) Union military victories

  43. The Emancipation Proclamation • Issued on January 1, 1863 • Lincoln was not initially sure the Constitution gave him this power, but aids convinced him that “This rebellion has its source and life in slavery. Reaction: NorthSouth Opposed – fearing the increase in Jefferson Davis Reading job competition (Riots) In Favor – thought it might help shorten the war

  44. Battle of Chancellorsville • Gen. Joseph Hooker was in charge of the Union army now • Hooker took more than 70,000 hoping to surprise the Confederates • Lee expected this and marched west, leaving 10,000 behind in Fredericksburg to decoy the Union army • Lee divided his army with Stonewall Jackson (Map) • Stonewall marched 1 day west to surround with 30,000 troops to surprise attack Hooker • Surprise attack could have destroyed the Union had it not been for darkness • Battle lasted 2 more days with Hooker retreating and suffering 17,000 casualties (Lee -13,000 including Stonewall)

  45. Decisive Battles:Result & Impact of Chancellorsville • Lee’s greatest and most brilliant military victory • Northern morale sank even lower • Anti-war advocates used this as an example that the war could not be won

  46. VICKSBURG - July 1863 • A major offensive in the west led by General Grant. • Goal/Objective: Split the Confederacy in two • Accomplishments: • Established complete control of the Mississippi • 31,000 prisoners • Cut off Arkansas, Texas, & Louisiana • Encouraged slaves to rebel & leave plantations • Result: 1) Lee retreats from Gettysburg & begins a last effort invasion of the North. 2) Union forces control Mississippi

  47. Union Casualties: 10,142Confed. Casualties: 9,091 Ulysses S. Grant fights his way to Vicksburg: After crossing the Mississippi and leaving behind his supply lines, he struck at the rebels five times, captured Jackson, the state capital, and came up on the Confederate stronghold from behind Battle of Vicksburg

  48. Invading the North: GettysburgJuly 1-3 1863 Goal: 1) Draw Union armies to the east to relieve the pressure on Vicksburg and give the Confed. a major victory to ensure continued support for the war; 2) maybe get the Union to call for peace?? • Lee Moved North; Army of the Potomac moved south and met on July 1, 1863 at Gettysburg. • Battle of Gettysburg – Lee’s forces stood for three days, but the damage was to devastating and retreated back to Virginia, never to regain the offensive

  49. Breaking Down Gettysburg • DAY ONE – Confederate troops engaged by small number of Union troops. When Union reinforcements arrive, full scale battle begins • DAY TWO – Union takes high ground. Both sides heavy losses. Little Round Top – Gettysburg movie clip • DAY THREE – Pickett’s Charge. Lost over 7500 men on the effort. Lee blamed himself personally for the defeat at Gettysburg & began retreat July 4th Civil War Trust Video: Gettysburg in 4 minutes

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