Unit #2 – Introductory Questions

1. Unit #2 – Introductory Questions Chapters 35-37, 10

2. Introductory Questions #1 1. Give three examples of a modified root and modified leaves. Using Pgs. 718-719 name the three types of tissue systems found in plants. Rank the tissues according to their flexibilities? How can we tell the difference between Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma? Tracheids and vessel elements are part of the vascular tissue called . How is the stele in monocots different from the stele in the dicots? How is the pith different from the cortex? (see pg. 717) How is primary growth different from secondary growth? The specific areas that plant grow in their body are known as . An increase in girth is due to cell division occurring in the .

3. Introductory Questions #2 1. Match each cell with the tissue(s) they’re found in. Parenchyma cells A. Ground Tissue Vessels elements B. Dermal Tissue Trichomes C. Vascular Tissue Sieve tube cells Sclerenchyma Guard cells Companion cells Why is the amount of humus and the particle size of soil so important to plants? How is a monocot root different from a dicot (eudicot) root? (See the cross sections on pg. 722) Where is the casparian strip located? Why must plants use active transport in order to take in ions into the root hair cells? Which ion are most difficult for plant to obtain? Give three examples of micronutrient and three examples of a macronutrient that plants require. (see chart on pg. 758)

4. Introductory Questions #3 If a stem develops only by primary growth (apical meristems) then that stem is not woody it is _____________ (common in monocots) Name the two types of lateral meristems seen in woody plants. What purpose do rays serve? As the vascular cambium divides it grows in two directions forming the _________ _______ toward the inside and the __________ ______ toward the outside. How is summer wood different from spring wood? Why must plants open their stomata? When does this usually occur?

5. Introductory Questions #4 What is the driving force behind the movement of water in the xylem and sugar through the phloem in plants? As Sugar is produced in the leaves during photosynthesis, what is the driving force to move the product down the plant (other than gravity)? What is considered to be the “source” and what is considered top be the “sink”? Why is this movement explained by the “pressure-flow hypothesis”? Briefly explain what guttation is and why it is more significant in smaller plants. (pg. 746) Why does this occur at night? How much water pressure can accumulate in the roots? Name the three solutes that accumulate in the guard cells allowing for water to move in. What type of protein channel allows for potassium to enter into the cell?

6. Introductory Questions #5 How is a pinnate leaf different from a palmate leaf? Name the two mesophyll cell layers in a dicot leaf. How are these two layers different from each other? Name the two types of cells that make up the mesophyll layers in a dicot leaf. What kind of tissue (cell types) are they? Briefly explain how the stomata open and close. Name the ions involved. What color light cause the stomata to open? Name three factors that can affect transpiration in plants.

7. Introductory Questions #6 From chapter 10, what did Engelman’s experiment show regarding photosynthesis? What did he use to determine the rate of photosynthesis? How do plants absorb light energy? Name some features that allow plants to absorb light. What are some differences between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b? Which reactant does the oxygen produced from photosynthesis directly come from Where specifically do the light and dark reaction take place within a plant cell?

8. Introductory Questions #7 Name the three parts that make up a photosystem. How does NADPH differ from NADH? What does it mean when we “FIX” carbon? Does this happen in the light or dark reactions? What is required in order for the light reactions to proceed? How does non-cyclic photophosphorylation differ from cyclic photophosphorylation? Which process is more common?

9. Introductory Questions #8 Name the three phases of the Calvin Cycle. Which phases require ATP and how much ATP would be needed for producing on glucose molecule? What are the substrates that attach to the active sites of Rubisco? How does a C3 plant differ from a C4 plant? Give 3 examples of a C3 & C4 plant. What happens as a result of stomata closing? Which type of plant undergoes photorespiration? Does photorespiration occur at night or during the day? How is photorespiration different from cellular respiration seen in the mitochondria? How are C4 and CAM plants similar and how are they different? Give an example of both.