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Scientific Writing

Scientific Writing. Preparation of Reports. Function of Scientific Writing. To inform To instruct To persuade To document or record All scientific writing’s purpose is one or more of these objectives. Requirements for Writing. Detailed knowledge of subject

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Scientific Writing

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  1. Scientific Writing Preparation of Reports

  2. Function of Scientific Writing • To inform • To instruct • To persuade • To document or record • All scientific writing’s purpose is one or more of these objectives.

  3. Requirements for Writing • Detailed knowledge of subject • Complete command of the relevant literature • Thorough analysis of data • Understanding of results and relevance to current knowledge and theory • Proper statistical analysis of data/results

  4. Drafting the Manuscript • Writing processes • Free writing • Document design • What is the scope, the message to be conveyed? • What is the purpose, what do you want the reader to know? • What is the most relevant information? • What should the organization of the ms. be? • Graphics • Review, Revise, Edit

  5. Planning Manuscript • Select Content • Describe it • Compare it • Associate it • Analyze it • Apply it • Argue for or against it

  6. Organizing content • Around issues • What do you mean? • How so? • How is it known? • Such as? • Why? • Why not? • So what? • Write main point at top of page • List subpoints • Place subpoints in decreasing order of importance

  7. Fundamental Organizational Patterns • Chronological Pattern • Spatial Pattern • Functional Pattern • Heirarchical Pattern • Elimination of possible solutions pattern • General to Particular Pattern • Particular to General Pattern • Simple to Complex Pattern • Pro and Con Pattern • Cause and Effect Pattern

  8. Basic Organization • Title • Abstract – summarizes methods and results • Introduction – provides literature overview that makes case for the research goal • Methods – how was data collected • Results – Report findings • Discussion – what are implications

  9. Conclusion - Succinct summary of key findings and their implications • References – Complete citations in style of intended journal. • Appendix – detailed notes, tables, additional discussions, explanations • Drafting Paragraph • Presents one main idea • Thoughts connected logically • Break up copy and make page pleasing

  10. Assist reader’s understanding • Introduce ideas or concepts that are new • Provide transition between one major idea and another • Summarize information • Emphasize key points • Developing Paragraphs • Unity – only one leading idea, topic or concept • Continuity – signal changes to reader

  11. Writing Paragraphs • What is the main idea or topic? • What points must be made in the paragraph? • What points must be added to expand, support or modify the main idea. • What examples can be used to illustrate the main idea?

  12. Editing • Allow time between drafts • Revise at different levels • Strategies • What are the objectives, questions and problems that produce the content? • How was the information collected? • What information, evidence or data was provided • What data techniques were used. • How are the results verified? • What conclusions were drawn and are they defensible?

  13. Check overall organization • Are points sequenced properly? • Are all needed points included? • Check paragraphs • Does each paragraph keep to one core idea? • Do paragraphs show continuity of logic? • Check sentences • Should be clear and strong • Use vigorous verbs • Use simple grammatical constructions • Is presentation pithy and concise?

  14. Direct writing • Use jargon sparingly • Define terms • Use short words • Use specific, concrete, and definite words • Drop unnecessary modifiers and qualifiers • Avoid cliches • Eliminate wordiness • Check punctuation, spelling and grammar • Check references • Check appearance and layout

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