Mitigation The evidence for the potential to use protected areas in carbon storage and capture

1. Mitigation The evidence for the potential to use protected areas in carbon storage and capture nigel dudley equilibrium research

2. The challenge • Vegetation lossis already responsible for around 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions …and furthermore… • Many ecosystems that are currently sinks for CO2 could soon “flip” and become net sources due to climate change and other human impacts

3. The opportunity Natural ecosystems offer two key functions • Storing existing carbon in vegetation and soils and thus preventing further loss • Capturing additional carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and thusreducing net greenhouse gas levels

4. Carbon storage Major carbon stores exist in soil, forest, peat and inland waters, grassland, mangroves, coastal marshes and sea grass Estimates for the amount of carbon stored in tropical forests range from 170-250 tonnes carbon/hectare Kinabatangan Nature Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia, bottom inset from Lamington NP, Australia

5. Carbon storage Peat is probably a larger store – an estimated 550 Gt stored globally. But 2008 emissions from degraded peat were estimated at 1,298 Mt, plus over 400 Mt from peat fires Urho Kekkosen National Park, Finland

6. Carbon storage Mangroves, sea grass beds and salt marshes all store substantial amounts of carbon although these sources have been largely ignored until now Marine reserve at Arniston Bay, South Africa, insets from Wales, Mexico and Bahamas

7. Carbon storage Grasslands may hold more than 10% of the total carbon in the biosphere, but mismanagement and conversion is causing major losses in places – grassland remains one of the most un-protected biomes Nyika National Park, Malawi, insets from Uruguay and South Australia

8. Carbon storage Estimates of soil carbon vary widely but it is thought to be the largest terrestrial store. Agriculture is often a source rather than sink but changes in farming (less tillage, more organic methods etc) can reverse this and help to build carbon stocks Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, UK, insets from Switzerland

9. Carbon capture Most ecosystems can also continue to capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

10. Carbon capture Both young and old forests also capture significant amounts of carbon dioxide, as do peatlands, grasslands and many marine ecosystems Recent research in the Amazon, Congo Basin and in boreal forests all show that old-growth forests continue to sequester carbon Bwindi National Park, Uganda, insets from Ecuador and Finland

11. Carbon capture The success of sequestration from commercial forests depends on what the timber is used for… Uruguay

13. Carbon capture Knowledge of management needs for carbon sequestration in other habitats is also increasing fast Cors Dyfi Nature Reserve, Wales, restored from conifer plantation

14. Carbon storage and capture There is a huge potential to protect natural ecosystems to help store carbon – and to supply many other important goods and services Amber National Park, Madagascar

15. Carbon storage and capture But on the other hand, many ecosystems risk switching from being sinks to sources of carbon due to degradation and climate change… Kinabatangan River, Sabah, Malaysia

16. Degraded peatland in west Kalimantan, Island of Borneo, Indonesia

17. Northern Canada

18. Carbon storage and capture Protected areas are the most effective tool yet found for maintaining carbon in natural vegetation Oulanka National Park, Finland

19. Implications New skills, tools and funding opportunities will be needed to make best use of available management options

21. Thank you

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