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ARPAnet

ARPAnet. ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) 1969 Cold War

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ARPAnet

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  1. ARPAnet • ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) • 1969 Cold War • ARPANET came out of our frustration that there were only a limited number of large, powerful research computers in the country, and that many research investigators, who should have access to them, were geographically separated from them • Charles Herzfeld, ARPA Director

  2. ARPAnet

  3. Early ARPAnet • 1971 • Email implemented • 1973 • Email was 75% of the ARPAnet traffic • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) was developed

  4. ARPAnet Internet • Transition Period 1971-1983 • Packet Switching developed and perfected • Robust, fault-tolerant, efficient, survivable • TCP/IP: Network of Networks realized on a large scale • The ability to connect different types of networks

  5. Early Internet 1983-1989 • No web browsers, no web pages at all… • Email • FTP • Early message board system (BB systems) • Client-server applications

  6. In 1989 came the WWW • The ideas existed, but one man perfected and implemented them • WWW ideas • URL concept – Documents, computers, virtual mailboxes, networks, programs, etc. can all have uniform identifier to help locate them • Hypertext concept – Documents can have links to other documents, just click the text

  7. Tim Berners-Lee • A graduate of Oxford University • wrote the first web client and server in 1990. • His specifications of URIs, HTTP and HTML implement the backbone of the WWW

  8. WWW improved Internet • On the Internet, you had to • Know numeric IP addresses to locate servers • Login anonymously or with a user account • Know the folder hierarchy and file name of the document/data. • Location information shared via email • If you didn’t have friends, you had no idea what was on the Internet

  9. WWW instead of Internet • HTTP instead of FTP • Web Browser instead of FTP client or terminal • Web Server instead of FTP or file server • URLs instead of numeric IP addresses • Clicking Hyperlink instead of navigating through folder hierarchies • HTML instead of text and postscript docs

  10. Are these things the same? Internet World Wide Web

  11. They are distinct and different Internet • Network of Networks • Hardware • TCP/IP • Packet Switching World Wide Web HTML-based content Browsers HTTP URLs Hyperlinks

  12. Internet vs. WWW • Analogy • The WWW is like a boat that sails the seas of the Internet. • People use to swim on the Internet. • The WWW boat has now become a yacht with jet skis and a helicopter pad. • Makes the sea lots of fun to travel on…

  13. More Important History • 1989 TBL invents first web browser and server • 1991 Gore Bill is passed, which helps fund major WWW research and infrastructure • 1993 Mosaic – first graphical browser – is developed • 1995 Apache – still the most popular web server – is developed

  14. WWW Matures 1989-1995 • 1993 InterNICis created by US government • centralizes the control of URL and domain names. • 1998 InterNIC is replace by non-profit corporation called ICANN. • ICANN regulates 3rd party domain name registrars such as GoDaddy and Network Solutions. • Thousands of registrars exist today

  15. WWW Matures 1989-1995 • 1995 NSFnet(formally ARPAnet) becomes research only network • most Internet traffic starts to get routed through telecom backbones operated by AT&T, Sprint, and others • 1995-??? Government subsides and pork barrel programs help private companies build up the physical infrastructure • Cable TV providers eventually join the free money party

  16. Commercialization Period 1995-2000 • 1995 – Netscape emerges • Sells web server software commercially • Gives away webbrowser for free • Reaches 90% market share by 1997 • 1995 – 1996 Microsoft races to come out with competing software • Web Browser - Internet Explore • Web Server - IIS

  17. Commercialization Period 1995-2000 • 1996-1999 – Browser Wars between Microsoft and Netscape • Two versions of HTML and CSS arise • Proprietary plug-ins developed • Flash, RealPlayer, Silverlight, etc. • 1997-2000 – E-commerce Explosion • Amazon, E-bay, Online Stock Trading, Music/MP3 trafficking, etc.

  18. Browser Wars 1996-1999 • 1996-1997 Netscape dominated (fasted growing IPO in history at that time) • But, by 1999, Internet Explorer was #1 and stays there until 2012 • 2000 Netscape goes out of business.

  19. Why web browsers matter? • Web Browser are free. • Q: So, why did Netscape and Microsoft compete so heavily to have the #1 browser? • Answers: • You can sell tools, server software, and applications that work nicely with your browser • You can change your browser so the competitions' stuff breaks. • You can control the default search engine, homepage, etc. • Thus, you can make $$$ directing traffic to e-commerce websites that pay you.

  20. Browser Wars 1996-1999 • 1998 Microsoft Integrates IE into Windows • Forced upon people as the default browser • Microsoft must pay more than one billion in anti-trust lawsuit but somehow still wins • 2000 Netscape loses • AOL buys out Netscape, which was failing financially • AOL is now a subsidiary of Time Warner

  21. Post War • 2000 Netscape becomes open source, so developers can build upon itfor free • Leads to the Mozilla Foundation, which eventually develops Firefox in 2002 • 2003-2007 Firefox builds significant market share, poised to overtake IE • 2008 Google introduces Chrome • 2012 Chrome, not Firefox, is the first to overtake IE

  22. Browser Wars - Significance • Early competition pushed the advancement of web browsers and servers • Use to be simple applications for transmitting and rendering web pages. • Web Browsers and servers now implement a platform capable of running heavy-weight applications • But, the War lead to de-standardization and lots of bad ideas (Flash, <font> tag, etc.)

  23. W3C • 1993 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded to help develop web standards. • Largely ignored during the browser wars. • But, rose to prominence in the early 2000’s • 1999-2000 Helped to clean up and standardize HTML, CSS, and JavaScript • But now, W3C considered too slow and not application friendly • WHATWG was formed in response

  24. WHATWG • Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) • Did not like that W3C adopted XML-based technology. • XML is great and robust, but its too complex (bandwidth inefficient) and parsing requires too much overhead (bad for mobile devices) • WHATWG is setting the new standards: HTML5, CSS, JavaScript.

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