Civil Rights Movement

1. Civil Rights Movement

2. SCLC • The ______________________________________ (SCLC) was organized by ___________________. - It raised funds for integration campaigns throughout the South - They became the spiritual force behind the _____________________ movement

3. Little Rock Nine: Arkansas 1957 • Nine black students were chosen to integrate to Central High School because of their High Academics. • Governor Orval Faubus ordered __________________________ to surround the school to keep the nine students from entering. • ______________________ (one of the students) was mobbed, spit upon, and cursed at and National Guard ____________ turned her away.

4. Little Rock Nine: Arkansas 1957 • Faubus finally agreed to listen to a Federal judge and let the students in, however they were unable to stay because Faubus removed the troops, but did not offer any protection. - A violent white mob gathered outside the school and the children had to sneak out. • President __________________ ordered in troops. For the rest of the school year, US soldiers _______________ the children from class to class. The following year Faubus shut down all public schools for ___________.

5. Lunch Counter Sit-ins: Greensboro, North Carolina 1960 • Four Black college students began the lunch counter sit-ins at a Woolworth’s Store. They were protesting Segregated __________________.

6. Lunch Counter Sit-ins: Greensboro, North Carolina 1960 • The sit-ins in NC sparked youth in more than _________ Southern cities to conduct sit-ins. In addition to segregated restaurants, they protested segregated parks, pools, libraries & theatres.

7. Freedom Riders: 1961 • The purpose of the Freedom Rides was to test a Supreme Court order that outlawed segregation in _________________ • The 1st bus of Freedom Riders in Anniston was met by a white mob. They caught up with the bus and _________________ through the window. As the freedom riders ran out the bus they were _________________. Consequent freedom riders were beaten with clubs and given no police protection.

8. Freedom Riders: 1961 • When one of the buses arrived in Montgomery, they were met by a mob of more than ___________ whites. A presidential aide was injured. Robert Kennedy allowed officials to enforce their segregation laws if they guaranteed to riders safety. When the riders arrived in Jackson, they were arrested. He thought this was the only way to protect them.

9. Birmingham • MLK Jr. chose _______________ to lead anti-segregation boycotts and mass marches because it was the most _________________ city in the south and if he could desegregate __________________, he could desegregate any other city.

10. Birmingham • The largest opposition to King was Commissioner Eugene Bull Connor who ordered police to respond with force and use fire hoses, clubs and dogs.

11. Birmingham • MLK Jr.’s message in his famous ________________________________“…was that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed.” • The Kennedy administration was horrified into action with the ______________ of young school children.

12. A Shared Dream: March on Washington for Jobs & Freedom 1963 • ________________ people marched on Washington to support John F Kennedy’s Civil Rights Bill • King delivered his __________________ speech at Lincoln’s Memorial; this was significant because it was _________ years after Lincoln emancipated the slaves (1863)

14. Civil Rights Act • Two events caused increased public support for a comprehensive civil rights law: - The Birmingham bombing of the ______________________ that killed 4 Sunday School girls - The assassination of __________ • In 1964, Congress passed the ______________ that was signed by President Johnson.

15. “Fighting for the Ballot” • The tactics used to prevent Blacks from voting, included physical (fire bombings, beatings and harassment), legal (poll taxes, literacy tests) and economic (loss of job, food cut-offs in relief programs and rent increases) forms of terrorism.

16. “Fighting for the Ballot” • Through voting, Blacks could be recognized as citizens and put political pressure on officials • Without the vote, they had no political strength and could not force the local, state, and federal governments to listen to them.

17. “Fighting for the Ballot” • - The ________________________________________________ (COFO) helped blacks fill out the complicated _______________________ forms. They also helped poor people get government assistance and taught black children how to read and write.

18. “Fighting for the Ballot” • The COFO launched in 1964 the Freedom Summer campaign to bring attention to the voting abuses. _____________ college students were brought to ______________________ to help blacks register to vote and teach in Freedom Schools.

19. “Fighting for the Ballot” • It was important that many of the registrars were _________ because violence against _____________ civil rights workers resulted in immediate national reaction, whereas violence done to ____________ was often ignored. • Martin Luther King Jr. issued a nationwide appeal for support.

20. “Fighting for the Ballot” • In response to the Selma March and the murders of activists Jackson, Reeb & Liuzzo, Congress passed what the ______________ in 1965. The bill outlawed obstacles to black voting and authorized federal officials to enforce fair voting practices.