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Boundless Lecture Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides. Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com. Using Boundless Presentations. Boundless Teaching Platform

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Boundless Lecture Slides

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. The Plant Body Plant Form and Physiology Stems Roots Leaves ] Plant Development Plant Form and Physiology Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants Plant Form and Physiology(continued) Plant Sensory Systems and Responses Plant Defense Mechanisms ] Plant Form and Physiology Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  6. Plant Form and Physiology > The Plant Body The Plant Body • Plant Tissues and Organ Systems Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/plant-form-and-physiology-30/the-plant-body-178/

  7. Plant Form and Physiology > Stems Stems • Functions of Stems • Stem Anatomy • Primary and Secondary Growth in Stems • Stem Modifications Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/plant-form-and-physiology-30/stems-179/

  8. Plant Form and Physiology > Roots Roots • Types of Root Systems and Zones of Growth • Root Modifications Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/plant-form-and-physiology-30/roots-180/

  9. Plant Form and Physiology > Leaves Leaves • Leaf Structure and Arrangment • Types of Leaf Forms • Leaf Structure, Function, and Adaptation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/plant-form-and-physiology-30/leaves-181/

  10. Plant Form and Physiology > Plant Development Plant Development • Meristems • Genetic Control of Flowers Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/plant-form-and-physiology-30/plant-development-182/

  11. Plant Form and Physiology > Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants • Water and Solute Potential • Pressure, Gravity, and Matric Potential • Movement of Water and Minerals in the Xylem • Transportation of Photosynthates in the Phloem Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/plant-form-and-physiology-30/transport-of-water-and-solutes-in-plants-183/

  12. Plant Form and Physiology > Plant Sensory Systems and Responses Plant Sensory Systems and Responses • Plant Responses to Light • The Phytochrome System and Red Light Response • Blue Light Response • Plant Responses to Gravity • Auxins, Cytokinins, and Gibberellins • Abscisic Acid, Ethylene, and Nontraditional Hormones • Plant Responses to Wind and Touch Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/plant-form-and-physiology-30/plant-sensory-systems-and-responses-184/

  13. Plant Form and Physiology > Plant Defense Mechanisms Plant Defense Mechanisms • Plant Defenses Against Herbivores • Plant Defenses Against Pathogens Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/plant-form-and-physiology-30/plant-defense-mechanisms-185/

  14. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. Plant Form and Physiology Key terms • abscisic acida plant hormone that functions in many plant developmental processes, including bud dormancy, inhibition of seed germination, and plant stress tolerance. • amyloplasta non-pigmented organelle found in some plant cells that is responsible for the synthesis and storage of starch granules through the polymerization of glucose • angiosperma plant whose ovules are enclosed in an ovary • apicalsituated at the growing tip of the plant or its roots, in comparison with intercalary growth situated between zones of permanent tissue • apical meristemthe tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place at the tip of a root or shoot. • auxina class of plant growth hormones that is responsible for elongation in phototropism and gravitropism and for other growth processes in the plant life cycle • auxina class of plant growth hormones that is responsible for elongation in phototropism and gravitropism and for other growth processes in the plant life cycle • axillary budembryonic shoot that lies at the junction of the stem and petiole that gives rise to a branch or flower • bienniala plant that requires two years to complete its life cycle • bulbthe bulb-shaped root portion of a plant such as a tulip, from which the rest of the plant may be regrown • bulbila bulb-shaped bud in the place of a flower or in a leaf axil • cavitationthe formation, in a fluid, of vapor bubbles that can interrupt water flow through the plant Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  16. Plant Form and Physiology • chromophorethe group of atoms in a molecule in which the electronic transition responsible for a given spectral band is located • cladodegreen branches of limited growth which have taken up the functions of photosynthesis • cohesion–tension theory of sap ascentexplains the process of water flow upwards (against the force of gravity) through the xylem of plants • collenchymaa supporting ground tissue just under the surface of various leaf structures formed before vascular differentiation • compound leafa leaf where the blade is divided, forming leaflets • corma short, vertical, swollen underground stem of a plant that serves as a storage organ to enable the plant to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as drought • cortexthe tissue of a stem or root that lies inward from the epidermis, but exterior to the vascular tissue • cryptochromeany of several light-sensitive flavoproteins, in the protoreceptors of plants, that regulate germination, elongation, and photoperiodism • cuticlea noncellular protective covering outside the epidermis of many invertebrates and plants • cytokininany of a class of plant hormones involved in cell growth and division • epiphytea plant that grows on another, using it as a physical support but neither obtaining nutrients from it nor causing it any damage if also offering no benefit • ethylenea plant hormone that is involved in fruit ripening, flower wilting, and leaf fall Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  17. Plant Form and Physiology • germinationthe beginning of vegetation or growth from a seed or spore • gibberellinany of a class of diterpene plant growth hormones that stimulate shoot elongation, seed germination, and fruit and flower maturation • gravitropisma plant's ability to change its growth in response to gravity • internodea section of stem between two stem nodes • jasmonateany of several esters of jasmonic acid that act as plant hormones • laminathe flat part of a leaf; the blade, which is the widest part of the leaf • lenticelsmall, oval, rounded spots upon the stem or branch of a plant that allow the exchange of gases with the surrounding atmosphere • lignina complex, non-carbohydrate, aromatic polymer present in all wood • meristemthe plant tissue composed of totipotent cells that allows plant growth • meristemthe plant tissue composed of totipotent cells that allows plant growth • meristemthe plant tissue composed of totipotent cells that allows plant growth • mesophyllthe inner tissue (parenchyma) of a leaf, containing many chloroplasts. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  18. Plant Form and Physiology • nodepoints of attachment for leaves, aerial roots, and flowers • palmately compound leafleaf that has its leaflets radiating outwards from the end of the petiole • parenchymathe ground tissue making up most of the non-woody parts of a plant • parenchymathe ground tissue making up most of the non-woody parts of a plant • perenniala plant that is active throughout the year or survives for more than two growing seasons • peridermthe outer layer of plant tissue; the outer bark • petiolestalk that extends from the stem to the base of the leaf • petiolestalk that extends from the stem to the base of the leaf • phloema vascular tissue in land plants primarily responsible for the distribution of sugars and nutrients manufactured in the shoot • phloema vascular tissue in land plants primarily responsible for the distribution of sugars and nutrients manufactured in the shoot • photomorphogenesisthe regulatory effect of light on the growth, development and differentiation of plant cells, tissues and organs • photoperiodismthe growth, development and other responses of plants and animals according to the length of day and/or night Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  19. Plant Form and Physiology • photoperiodismthe growth, development and other responses of plants and animals according to the length of day and/or night • photoreceptora specialized protein that is able to detect and react to light • photosynthateany compound that is a product of photosynthesis • phototropinany of a class of photoreceptor flavoproteins that mediate phototropism in higher plants • phototropismthe movement of a plant toward or away from light • phytochromeany of a class of pigments that control most photomorphogenic responses in higher plants • pinnately compound leafa leaf where the leaflets are arranged along the middle vein • piththe soft spongy substance in the center of the stems of many plants and trees • primordiuman aggregation of cells that is the first stage in the development of an organ • radiclethe rudimentary shoot of a plant that supports the cotyledons in the seed and from which the root is developed downward; the root of the embryo • rhizomea horizontal underground stem of some plants that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes • sclereida reduced form of sclerenchyma cells with highly-thickened, lignified walls Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  20. Plant Form and Physiology • sclerenchymaa mechanical, supportive ground tissue in plants consisting of aggregates of cells having thick, often mineralized walls • sepala part of an angiosperm, and one of the component parts of the calyx; collectively the sepals are called the calyx (plural calyces), the outermost whorl of parts that form a flower • sieve-tube elementa type of plant cell located in the phloem that is involved in the movement of carbohydrates • simple leafa leaf with an undivided blade • sinkwhere sugars are delivered in a plant, such as the roots, young shoots, and developing seeds • skototropismgrowth or movement away from light • solute potential(osmotic potential) pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane • sourcestructure that produces photosynthates • stamenin flowering plants, the structure in a flower that produces pollen, typically consisting of an anther and a filament • statolitha specialized form of amyloplast involved in graviperception by plant roots and most invertebrates • stipulesmall green appendage usually found at the base of the petiole • stolona shoot that grows along the ground and produces roots at its nodes; a runner Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  21. Plant Form and Physiology • stomaa pore found in the leaf and stem epidermis used for gaseous exchange • suberina waxy material found in bark that can repel water • succulenthaving fleshy leaves or other tissues that store water • tendrila thin, spirally-coiling stem that attaches a plant to its support • thigmomorphogenesisthe response by plants to mechanical sensation (touch) by altering their growth patterns • thigmonastic responsea touch response independent of the direction of stimulus • thigmotropismplant growth or motion in response to touch • thorna sharp, protective spine of a plant • tracheidelongated cells in the xylem of vascular plants that serve in the transport of water and mineral salts • tracheidelongated cells in the xylem of vascular plants that serve in the transport of water and mineral salts • transpirationthe loss of water by evaporation in terrestrial plants, especially through the stomata; accompanied by a corresponding uptake from the roots • trichomea hair- or scale-like extension of the epidermis of a plant Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  22. Plant Form and Physiology • trichomea hair- or scale-like extension of the epidermis of a plant • trichomea hair- or scale-like extension of the epidermis of a plant • tubera fleshy, thickened, underground stem of a plant, usually containing stored starch, as for example a potato or arrowroot • turgor pressurepushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall of plant; caused by the osmotic flow of water from outside of the cell into the cell's vacuole • undifferentiateddescribes tissues where the individual cells have not yet developed mature or distinguishing features, or describes embryonic organisms where the organs cannot be identified • verticila whorl; a group of similar parts such as leaves radiating from a shared axis • water potentialthe potential energy of water per unit volume; designated by ψ • whorla circle of three or more leaves, flowers, or other organs, about the same part or joint of a stem • xylema vascular tissue in land plants primarily responsible for the distribution of water and minerals taken up by the roots; also the primary component of wood • xylema vascular tissue in land plants primarily responsible for the distribution of water and minerals taken up by the roots; also the primary component of wood Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  23. Plant Form and Physiology Blue light response of azure bluets Azure bluets (Houstonia caerulea) display a phototropic response by bending toward the light. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Plant Sensory Systems and Responses. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44711/latest/Figure_30_06_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  24. Plant Form and Physiology Venation patterns (a) Tulip (Tulipa), a monocot, has leaves with parallel venation. (b) The netlike venation in this linden (Tilia cordata) leaf distinguishes it as a dicot. (c) The Ginkgo biloba tree has dichotomous venation. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Leaves. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44706/latest/Figure_30_04_02abc.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. Plant Form and Physiology Gravitropism This is an image of an upright tree with high curvature at the base as a result of negative gravitropism. Despite being tilted, amyloplasts will cause the shoot to grow in a vertical direction. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Gravitropism tree."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gravitropism_tree.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Plant Form and Physiology Main types of root systems (a) Tap root systems have a main root that grows down, while (b) fibrous root systems consist of many small roots. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Roots. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44704/latest/Figure_30_03_01abf.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. Plant Form and Physiology Collenchyma cells in plants Collenchyma cell walls are uneven in thickness, as seen in this light micrograph. They provide support to plant structures. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Stems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44702/latest/Figure_30_02_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  28. Plant Form and Physiology Simple and compound leaves Leaves may be simple or compound. In simple leaves, the lamina is continuous. (a) The banana plant (Musa sp.) has simple leaves. In compound leaves, the lamina is separated into leaflets. Compound leaves may be palmate or pinnate. (b) In palmately compound leaves, such as those of the horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), the leaflets branch from the petiole. (c) In pinnately compound leaves, the leaflets branch from the midrib, as on a scrub hickory (Carya floridana). (d) The honey locust has double compound leaves, in which leaflets branch from the veins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Leaves. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44706/latest/Figure_30_04_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  29. Plant Form and Physiology Stem modifications Stem modifications enable plants to thrive in a variety of environments. Shown are (a) ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizomes, (b) a carrion flower (Amorphophallus titanum) corm (c) Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) stolons, (d) strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) runners, (e) potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers, and (f) red onion (Allium) bulbs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Stems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44702/latest/Figure_30_02_10abcdef.jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. Plant Form and Physiology Stomata Openings called stomata (singular: stoma) allow a plant to take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen and water vapor. The (a) colorized scanning-electron micrograph shows a closed stoma of a dicot. Each stoma is flanked by two guard cells that regulate its (b) opening and closing. The (c) guard cells sit within the layer of epidermal cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Stems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44702/latest/Figure_30_02_05abc.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. Plant Form and Physiology Example of lenticels Lenticels on the bark of this cherry tree enable the woody stem to exchange gases with the surrounding atmosphere. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Stems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44702/latest/Figure_30_02_08.jpgView on Boundless.com

  32. Plant Form and Physiology Turgor pressure When (a) total water potential (Ψtotal) is lower outside the cells than inside, water moves out of the cells and the plant wilts. When (b) the total water potential is higher outside the plant cells than inside, water moves into the cells, resulting in turgor pressure (Ψp), keeping the plant erect. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44708/latest/Figure_30_05_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  33. Plant Form and Physiology Zones of the root tip A longitudinal view of the root reveals the zones of cell division, elongation, and maturation. Cell division occurs in the apical meristem. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Roots. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44704/latest/Figure_30_03_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  34. Plant Form and Physiology Parts of a leaf A leaf may seem simple in appearance, but it is a highly-efficient structure. Petioles, stipules, veins, and a midrib are all essential structures of a leaf. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Leaves. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44706/latest/Figure_30_04_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  35. Plant Form and Physiology Storage roots Many vegetables, such as carrots and beets, are modified roots that store food and water. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Roots. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44704/latest/Figure_30_03_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  36. Plant Form and Physiology Phytochrome system The biologically-inactive form of phytochrome (Pr) is converted to the biologically-active form Pfr under illumination with red light. Far-red light and darkness convert the molecule back to the inactive form. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Plant Sensory Systems and Responses. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44711/latest/Figure_30_06_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  37. Plant Form and Physiology Effect of gibberellins on grapes In grapes, application of gibberellic acid increases the size of fruit and loosens clustering. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Plant Sensory Systems and Responses. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44711/latest/Figure_30_06_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  38. Plant Form and Physiology Phototropism of an orchid plant This orchid plant placed next to a window grows toward the sunlight through the window. This is an example of positive phototropism. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Phototropism."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phototropism.jpgView on Boundless.com

  39. Plant Form and Physiology Meristematic zones Each zone of the apical meristem has a particular function. Pictured here are the (1) central zone, (2) peripheral zone, (3) medullary meristem and (3) medullary tissue. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia.CC BY-SAhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/M%C3%A9rist%C3%A8me_coupe_zones_chiffres.pngView on Boundless.com

  40. Plant Form and Physiology ABC model of flower development Class A genes (blue) affect sepals and petals, class B genes (yellow) affect petals and stamens, class C genes (red) affect stamens and carpels. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia.CC BYhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/ABC_flower_development.svgView on Boundless.com

  41. Plant Form and Physiology Parenchyma cells in plants The stem of common St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) is shown in cross section in this light micrograph. The central pith (greenish-blue, in the center) and peripheral cortex (narrow zone 3–5 cells thick, just inside the epidermis) are composed of parenchyma cells. Vascular tissue composed of xylem (red) and phloem tissue (green, between the xylem and cortex) surrounds the pith. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Stems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44702/latest/Figure_30_02_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  42. Plant Form and Physiology Vascular bundles In (a) dicot stems, vascular bundles are arranged around the periphery of the ground tissue. The xylem tissue is located toward the interior of the vascular bundle; phloem is located toward the exterior. Sclerenchyma fibers cap the vascular bundles. In (b) monocot stems, vascular bundles composed of xylem and phloem tissues are scattered throughout the ground tissue. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Stems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44702/latest/Figure_30_02_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  43. Plant Form and Physiology Translocation to the phloem Phloem is comprised of cells called sieve-tube elements. Phloem sap travels through perforations called sieve tube plates. Neighboring companion cells carry out metabolic functions for the sieve-tube elements and provide them with energy. Lateral sieve areas connect the sieve-tube elements to the companion cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44708/latest/Figure_30_05_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  44. Plant Form and Physiology Cross section of a squash stem showing a vascular bundle This light micrograph shows a cross section of a squash (Curcurbita maxima) stem. Each teardrop-shaped vascular bundle consists of large xylem vessels toward the inside and smaller phloem cells toward the outside. Xylem cells, which transport water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant, are dead at functional maturity. Phloem cells, which transport sugars and other organic compounds from photosynthetic tissue to the rest of the plant, are living. The vascular bundles are encased in ground tissue and surrounded by dermal tissue. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Plant Body. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44700/latest/Figure_30_01_02f.jpgView on Boundless.com

  45. Plant Form and Physiology Annual growth rings The rate of wood growth increases in summer and decreases in winter, producing a characteristic ring for each year of growth. Seasonal changes in weather patterns can also affect the growth rate. Note how the rings vary in thickness. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Stems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44702/latest/Figure_30_02_09.jpgView on Boundless.com

  46. Plant Form and Physiology Primary and secondary growth In woody plants, primary growth is followed by secondary growth, which allows the plant stem to increase in thickness or girth. Secondary vascular tissue is added as the plant grows, as well as a cork layer. The bark of a tree extends from the vascular cambium to the epidermis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Stems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44702/latest/Figure_30_02_07.jpgView on Boundless.com

  47. Plant Form and Physiology Trichomes Trichomes give leaves a fuzzy appearance as in this (a) sundew (Drosera sp.). Leaf trichomes include (b) branched trichomes on the leaf of Arabidopsis lyrata and (c) multibranched trichomes on a mature Quercus marilandica leaf. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Leaves. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44706/latest/Figure_30_04_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  48. Plant Form and Physiology Sclerenchyma cells in plants The central pith and outer cortex of the (a) flax stem are made up of parenchyma cells. Inside the cortex is a layer of sclerenchyma cells, which make up the fibers in flax rope and clothing. Humans have grown and harvested flax for thousands of years. In (b) this drawing, fourteenth-century women prepare linen. The (c) flax plant is grown and harvested for its fibers, which are used to weave linen, and for its seeds, which are the source of linseed oil. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Stems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44702/latest/Figure_30_02_04abcf.pngView on Boundless.com

  49. Plant Form and Physiology Water potential in plants With heights nearing 116 meters, (a) coastal redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens) are the tallest trees in the world. Plant roots can easily generate enough force to (b) buckle and break concrete sidewalks. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44708/latest/Figure_30_05_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  50. Plant Form and Physiology Solute potential In this example with a semipermeable membrane between two aqueous systems, water will move from a region of higher to lower water potential until equilibrium is reached. Solutes (Ψs), pressure (Ψp), and gravity (Ψg) influence total water potential for each side of the tube (Ψtotal right or left) and, therefore, the difference between Ψtotal on each side (Δ). (Ψm , the potential due to interaction of water with solid substrates, is ignored in this example because glass is not especially hydrophilic). Water moves in response to the difference in water potential between two systems (the left and right sides of the tube). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44708/latest/Figure_30_05_02.pngView on Boundless.com

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