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Criminal Investigation (CJ 210) Unit 3 Lecture

Criminal Investigation (CJ 210) Unit 3 Lecture. Instructor: Fred D. Collie. Creative Project: Types Of Evidence. Create a 10 slide PowerPoint presentation (excluding the title page) that addresses the following:

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Criminal Investigation (CJ 210) Unit 3 Lecture

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  1. Criminal Investigation (CJ 210) Unit 3 Lecture Instructor: Fred D. Collie

  2. Creative Project: Types Of Evidence • Create a 10 slide PowerPoint presentation (excluding the title page) that addresses the following: • Identify the types of evidence and their importance to the investigative process • Discuss the various types of evidence and how it is collected • Discuss how the evidence is examined • Discuss the types of information the evidence can provide • Discuss some possible contamination issues with the collection of the evidence. • Address any other relevant issue to this topic. • For assistance with this assignment, refer to chapters 2 and 3 of your text

  3. Power Point Help

  4. Possible Outline Slide 1- Title Slide (Your information, the name of your project) Slide 2- Various types of evidence and how it is collected (p. 41) 1. (Type of evidence, Give example of collection) 2. … 3…. 4…. 5…. Slide 3- How Evidence is Examined 1…. 2… 3…

  5. Possible Outline Slide 4- Information Derived from Evidence 1… 2… 3… Slide 4- Contamination of Evidence 1… 2… 3… Slide 5- Additional relevant information 1. (You decide) Slide 6- Conclusion 1. 2. 3.

  6. Types of Evidence • Fingerprints- Latent, Visible, Plastic • Bullets and Cartridges-Comparison Microscope • Handwriting- Typewriting, Printing • Shoe Impressions- Castings used for Comparison • Tool impressions- Hammer, Screwdriver, Jimmy, Cutting Devices Osterburg & Ward, 2007, p. 41

  7. Tool Impressions You could add any additional information or explanation here.

  8. Probable Cause

  9. Records and Files:Nurtured Resource or Arid Archive? Chapter 7 Osterburg & Ward, 2007

  10. How Law Enforcement Records are Categorized • Type of offense • Name(s) of offender(s) • Name(s) of victim(s) • Location • Date and time of occurrence • Relevant facts pertaining to case Osterburg & Ward, 2007

  11. Crime Pattern Analysis • Identifies possible suspects for a particular crime • Lists crimes with a common offender • Identifies crime trends and potential targets • Prepares crime maps by type and location of crime, or by residences of known offenders Osterburg & Ward, 2007

  12. Organization of an MO File • Type of crime • Time, day, location • Type of property or persons targeted • Building • Object • Ruse used by perpetrator • Tale used by perpetrator • Miscellaneous idiosyncrasies • Photographs • Electronic data processing Osterburg & Ward, 2007

  13. Informants:Cultivation and Motivation Chapter 8 Osterburg & Ward, 2007

  14. Motives for Informing • Self-serving reasons • cutting deal/eliminating competition/building credit • Mercenary reasons • paid informants • Self-aggrandizement • favorable attention from authorities • Emotions • fear/revenge/jealousy/repentance/gratitude • Civic Duty Osterburg & Ward, 2007

  15. Handling Informants • Meet on neutral ground • Treat informant fairly • Treat informant courteously • Appeal to reason of motivation • Clue in newly recruited informant • Explain entrapment • Maintain cover • Keep informants in line • Advise informant not to commit crimes for information • Keep financial transaction exact Osterburg & Ward, 2007

  16. Interviewing Informants • Press for details • Be tactful • Check reliability of information • Do not reveal discrepancies in information • Be sympathetic • Avoid embarrassing questions • Maintain control of interview Osterburg & Ward, 2007

  17. Conditions Meeting Entrapment • Law enforcement official or person acting as agent of law enforcement • Purpose is to institute a criminal prosecution • Innocent individual is induced • Conduct constitutes a criminal offense • Person who otherwise would not do so is prompted to commit an illegal act Osterburg & Ward, 2007

  18. Key Terms Crime Mapping http://www.caliper.com/Maptitude/crime/default.htm (Accessed 12/18/08) • The end product of a process that starts with the first-responding officer’s report that is processed by data entry personnel, entered into a database, and transformed into a symbol on paper. In this narrow interpretation, a map is merely a picture or part of a database. http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/nij/mapping/ch2_1.html (Accessed 12/18/08)

  19. Information Science • The sciences concerned with gathering, manipulating, storing, retrieving, and classifying recorded information. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&rls=DLUS,DLUS:2008-25,DLUS:en&defl=en&q=define:information+science&sa=X&oi=glossary_definition&ct=title (Accessed 12/18/08)

  20. Confidential Source • Any individual stipulating confidentiality, who is freely providing intelligence or investigative information on a “one-time” basis, or responding to questions during a field interview, or in a custody interview. • Reliable Confidential Informant (RCI): A confidential informant who has furnished information in two separate matters, is found to be reliable through independent sources and investigation and has satisfactorily fulfilled all other criteria. http://tallahassee.com/assets/pdf/CD10811059.PDF (Accessed 12/18/08)

  21. Probable Cause • Apparent facts discovered through logical inquiry that would lead a reasonably intelligent and prudent person to believe that an accused person has committed a crime, thereby warranting his or her prosecution, or that a Cause of Action has accrued, justifying a civil lawsuit. • The probable cause standard is more important in Criminal Law than it is in Civil Law because it is used in criminal law as a basis for searching and arresting persons and depriving them of their liberty. Civil cases can deprive a person of property, but they cannot deprive a person of liberty. http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Probable+Cause (Accessed 12/18/08)

  22. Quid Pro Quo • Something for something, as in making a deal, e.g., plea bargaining (Osterburg & Ward, 2007, p. 800). • QUID PRO QUO - Lat. 'what for what' or 'something for something.' The concept of getting something of value in return for giving something of value. For a contract to be binding, it usually must involve the exchange of something of value. http://lectlaw2.securesites.net/def2/q003.htm (Accessed 12/18/08)

  23. Criminal Investigation (CJ 210) Unit 3 Lecture Instructor: Fred D. Collie

  24. William T Forbes Kaplan University APA Citation Style

  25. When to cite? • Whenever you are referring to an idea that is not uniquely your own, one that has been drawn from another source, you must “cite” that idea as someone else’s. The most common example is from a periodical or book: • Criminal investigation must be conducted within the framework of our democratic system (Osterburg & Ward, 2007).

  26. When to cite? • The citation follows the expression of the idea; typically at the end of a sentence (an exception would be when you express two or more ideas in one sentence: • Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, 2005). This is the citation

  27. When to cite? • The order of the citation is important, and should include, in parenthesis, the author’s name, a comma, and the year of publication: • Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, 2005). Author name Year

  28. When to cite? • You must cite the particular book each time you draw from it; not just the first time you use it in a text.

  29. When to cite? • If your citation refers to a specific page or pages, you should also include that in your citation: • Motive is an important factor in pointing to possible suspects in a homicide. Often there is a personal relationship between victim and perpetrator that, if subjected to stress may impel one of them to kill the other. (Osterburg & Ward, 2007, p. 355). Page number

  30. When to cite? • Important: if you directly quote a text, you must put the quote in quotation marks: • “Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department” according to one source (Jones, 2005, p. 48). Note the blue portion is a direct quote from the Jones source

  31. When to cite? • As mentioned earlier, you might have two ideas from two different sources (notice the placement of the first citation after the first idea): • Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, 2005, p. 48) as well as teaching citizens how to handle their own crime problems (Smith, 1998). 2nd “idea”

  32. When to cite? • Almost without exception, your in-text citation should “connect” to an entry in your reference list toward the end of your paper. Reference list formats are covered later: • Anyone who discloses investigative information can be considered an informant. (Osterburg & Ward, 2007, p. 233). Reference list Osterburg J. & Ward R., (2007). Criminal Investigation: A Method for Reconstructing the Past. (5th Ed)Newark, NJ: Matthew Bender & Company

  33. When to cite? • You may also at times refer to works without the parenthesis, if it “flows” better with your paper: • Jones has stated that community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (2005, p. 48). Note the author is left out because it was mentioned earlier in the sentence

  34. When to cite? • Here is another example of not using parenthesis: • In 1998, Jones reported that community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (p. 48). In this instance the author and the year are mentioned in the prior sentence. The page number (specific to the idea) is the only citation listing. If you are referring to the entire work’s idea, you might not even have the page number in parenthesis.

  35. Examples: No authors • What if your source does not have an author listed anywhere? You will list the first few words of the title of the work: • Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (“Policing in Action”, 2005). Title synopsis

  36. Examples: No date • What if your source does not have a publish date listed anywhere? You will list the author, and “n.d.” for “no date”: • Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, n.d.). n.d. = “no date” Note: if you don’t have an author or a date, your citation might read: (“Policing in Action”, n.d.)

  37. Examples: Two authors • Your book or periodical might have more than one author. You must list both authors every time you draw and idea from that particular source: • Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones & Smith, 2005, p. 48). 2nd Author

  38. Examples: Three to Six Authors • If you have three to six authors, you cite two different ways. The first time you cite the source, you list all authors: • Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, Smith, & White, 2005). • Each additional time you cite this source in your paper, you only list the first author, and follow it up with “et al.”: • Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, et al.). “et al.” stands for “and others”

  39. Examples: Agency as Author • Perhaps you have a source that lists an agency, such as a government agency, as the author (and not an individual). In this instance you simply list that agency within the citation: • Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (U.S. Department of Justice, 2005). Agency listed

  40. Examples: Personal Communications • Personal communications, such as e-mails, interviews, phone interviews, etc. are cited within your text, but they are NOT listed in the reference list: • Arthur Jones stated that community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (personal communication, May 8th, 2005). This will NOT be listed in the reference list

  41. References • Recall that almost without exception, your in-text citation should “connect” to an entry in your reference list toward the end of your paper. • Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, 2005, p. 48). Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. Hartford, CT: Scholarly Publishers, Inc.

  42. References - Formatting • References are formatted in the fashion below. The reference is in “hanging indent” style, with the first line not indented and all lines that follow indented. • Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. Hartford, CT: Scholarly Publishers, Inc. “Hanging indent”

  43. References - Formatting • In general, the author is listed first; last name first, first initial next. The year is listed in parenthesis after that. The title is then displayed in italics. If it is a book, the city (and possibly the state) of publication is offered, followed by a colon and the publishing company name. • Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. Hartford, CT: Scholarly Publishers, Inc.

  44. References - Formatting • Reference lists are in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. • Multiple authors for the same reference are listed in alphabetical order. • If you have more than one reference by the same author, you list them in order by the year of publication. • Use “&” as opposed to “and” in listing multiple authors

  45. Reference Examples: 2-6 authors • All authors (up to six) are listed in alphabetical order. • Anderson, M., Bell, J., & Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. Hartford, CT: Scholarly Publishers, Inc.

  46. Reference Examples: More than 6 authors • The first six authors are listed, every author after that is referred to as “et al.” (“and others”). • Anderson, M., Bell, J., Connors, G., Davis, L., Engram, P., Jones, A., et al. (2005). Community Policing. Hartford, CT: Scholarly Publishers, Inc.

  47. Reference Examples: Periodical • A periodical, such a magazine or newspaper, is referred to like below. The title of the article is listed after the year. The name of the periodical is next, followed by the volume number and pages. • Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. River City Monthly, 55, 25-32. The periodical name and volume number are in italics Page #’s, not in italics

  48. Reference Examples: Periodical • A periodical, such a magazine or newspaper, is referred to like below. The title of the article is listed after the year. The name of the periodical is next, followed by the volume number and pages. • Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. River City Monthly, 55, 25-32. The periodical name and volume number are in italics Page #’s, not in italics

  49. Reference Examples: Internet/Print Periodical • An internet/print periodical is listed in a reference list like any other periodical, however it also includes the retrieval date and web address (Note: example is of a periodical that is also printed; note volume # and page #’s): • Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. Community Policing Weekly, 55, 25-32. Retrieved May 8th, 2005, from http://www.compolicing.net Note web address and retrieval date

  50. Reference Examples: Internet only Periodical • An internet only periodical is listed in a reference list like any other periodical, however it also includes the retrieval date and web address. Note also the retrieval date may differ from the publish date (if known). • Jones, A. (2001). Community Policing. International Association of Community Policing, 55, Article 2. Retrieved May 8th, 2005, from http://www.compolicing.net This can be a “hyperlink”

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