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Understanding Motor Learning

Understanding Motor Learning. Performance versus Learning. Performance - observable behavior efficiency or precision of a movement Learning - inferred from performance a relatively permanent improvement in performance as a result of practice. Transfer Paradigm.

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Understanding Motor Learning

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  1. Understanding Motor Learning

  2. Performance versus Learning • Performance - observable behavior • efficiency or precision of a movement • Learning - inferred from performance • a relatively permanent improvement in performance as a result of practice

  3. Transfer Paradigm important for assessing “relative permanence” of information or what we might commonly refer to as learning • adequate retention interval • test on common level of the independent variable

  4. Behavioral changes associated with motor learning ? • behavior is more accurate • behavior is faster • behavior is more consistent • behavior is persistent • behavior is adaptable (maybe) • behavior is economical

  5. Behavior is more accurate (expert-novice) volleyball players with tennis task

  6. Behavior is faster

  7. Behavior is stable

  8. Behavioral Stability

  9. Behavior is persistent

  10. Behavior is adaptable (maybe) Effector Independent Effector dependent (Verwey & Wright

  11. Performance is economical

  12. Behavior is economical Wright & Kemp, 1992

  13. Stages of Learning (Fitts & Posner) • Cognitive Stage • Associative Stage • Autonomous Stage

  14. Stages of Learning (Karni, 1995) • Fast Stage • Rapid Improvement in one (or few) session of practice • Intermediate Stage • Memory Consolidation (6 hrs) • Slow Stage • May occur over weeks or months (maybe longer)

  15. Stages of Learning

  16. Types of Motor Learning • Sequence Learning (phone number, golf swing)

  17. Types of Motor Learning • Visual-Motor and Dynamic Adaptation (in space, in rehabilitation)

  18. Motor Adaptation: Setup Shadmehr & Brashers-Krug, The Journal of Neuroscience, 1997, 17(1):409–419

  19. Motor Adaptation: Results Shadmehr & Brashers-Krug, The Journal of Neuroscience, 1997, 17(1):409–419

  20. Motor Adaptation: An illustration Brashers-Krug et al., (1996) Nature, 382, 252-255

  21. Neural Changes with Learning • Processes • Regions • Activation Level • Structural Changes

  22. Changing neural contributions during learning Controlled Automatic Cognitive Motor Spatial Prefrontal Pre-SMA Parietal Premotor M1 Cerebellum (posterior) Cerebellum (Anterior) Temporal K.Sakai et al. (2004). TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, 8 (12), 547-553 J. Doyon et al. / Behavioural Brain Research 199 (2009) 61–75

  23. FAST SLOW

  24. Changing neural contributions during learning: Explicit • Early: Acquisition • Bi-lateral in nature* • Posterior • BG: Dorso-medial striatum (associative) • Cerebellump • Hippocampus • DLPFC

  25. Changing neural contributions during learning: Explicit • Late: Recall • Unilateral • Anterior • BG: Dorsolateral striatum (motor) • M1 • Premotor • S1

  26. BG and Cerebellum: Learning Basal Ganglia Early vs. Late Anterior vs. Posterior Unilateral vs. Bilateral Cerebellum

  27. Structural Changes during Learning?

  28. Structural change with learning? Pascual-Leone, A. et al. (1995) JOURNALOFNEUROPHYSIOLOGY , 74(3), 1037-1045

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