Business Research

1. Business Research STIEAD JAKARTA BY ROOSITA MD

2. Clarifying the Research Question Discover Mangement Dilemma Define the Management Question Define the Research Question (s) Refine the Research Question (s) Exploration Exploration Research Proposal

3. Research Design Strategy (Type, Purpose, time frame, scope, environment) Data Collection Design Sampling Design Instrument Development & Pilot Testing

5. 1 Introduction to Research • 1.1What is research? • Research is the process of finding solutions to a problem after a thorough study and analysis of thesituational factors.

6. 1.2.What is business research? • Research provides the needed information that guides managers to make informed decisions to successfully deal with problems. • The information provided could be the result of a careful analysis of data gathered firsthand or of data that are already available (in the company).

7. 1.3.Types of Business research. • 1.Applied research • Is to solve a current problem faced by the manager in the work setting,demanding a timely solution. • 2.Basic research (fundamental, pure) • Is to generate a body of knowledge by trying to comprehend how certain problems that occur in organizations can be solved. • The findings of such research contribute to the building of knowledge in the various functional areas of business.

8. 1.4. Why is it important for managers to know about research? • Solve problems • Decision making tool • Competition • Risk • Investment • Hire researchers and consultants more effectively

9. 2 Scientific Investigation • 1 Observation • 2 Identification of problem area • 3 Theoretical framework • 4 Hypotheses • 5 Research design • 6 Data collection • 7 Data analysis • 8 Data interpretation • 9 Implementation

10. The seven-step process in the Hypothetico-Deductive method • 1 Observation • 2 Problem identification • preliminary information gathering • 3 Theoretical framework • theory formulation • 4 Hypothesizing • 5 Research design • further scientific data collection • 6 logical analysis • 7 Deduction

11. The seven-step process • problem statement is a clear, precise, and succinct (ringkat) statement of the question or issue that is to be investigated with the goal of finding an answer or solution. • Theoretical framework is the foundation on which the entire research project is based.It is logically developed,described,and elaborated network of associations among the variables relevant to the problem situation. • A hypothesis is a tentative statement that proposes a possible explanation to some phenomenon or event. A useful hypothesis is a testable statement which may include a prediction. A hypotheses should not be confused with a theory. • Data analysis: the data gathered are statistically analyzed to see if the hypotheses that were generated have been supported. • Measurement is the process observing and recording the observations that are collected as part of a research effort. • Deduction is the process of arriving at conclusions by interpreting the meaning of the data analysis results.

12. Problem Formulation • "Well begun is half done" --Aristotle, quoting an old proverb • Where do research topics come from? • The idea for a research project? • one of the most common sources of research ideas is the experience of practical problems in the field? • The Literature Review

13. Levels of Measurement

14. The Research Cycle • The Research Cycle • QUESTIONING • PLANNING • GATHERING • SORTING & SIFTING • SYNTHESIZING • EVALUATING • REPORTING*

15. Information needs in business • Almost every organization has to engage in research at some level to stay competitive. • Companies gather data both from within and outside the organization. • The methods used to gather,analyze,and synthesize information from the externaland internal environments are becoming increasingly sophisticated to the immense (besar) scope of computer technology.

16. Computer Technology and Business • ICT • Information • Communication • Technology

17. The research process • 1 Observation • 2 Data gathering • 3 Problem definition • 4 Theoretical framework (variables identified) • 5Hypotheses • 6 Research design • 7Data collection,analysis,interpretation • 8 Deduction • 9 Report writing • 10 Report presentation • 11 Managerial decision making

18. Research design • Purpose of the study: • Exploratory study • Is undertaken when no information is available on how similar problems or research issues have been solved in the past • Descriptive study • Is to able to describe the characteristics of the variables of interest in a situation. • Hypotheses testing • Is undertaken to explain the variance in the dependent variable or to predict organizational outcomes. • Case studies • Research design can be thought of as the structure of research -- it is the "glue" that holds all of the elements in a research project together

19. Measurement • The rating scale • Have several response catagories • Likert scale is designed o exermine how strongly subject agree or disagree with statements on a 5-point scale • Ranking scale • Are used to tap preferences between two or more objects or items • Goodness of measure: reliability,validity

20. Data collection methods • Data can be collected in a variety ways ,data sources can be primary or secondary. • Data collection methods such as: • interview(face-to-face,telephone,computer-assisted interviews), • Questionaires • Observation • Motivational techniques

21. Data Collection Methode

22. Sampling • A sample is a subset of the population. • Sample is the process of selecting a sufficient number of elements from the population. • Studying a sample rather the entire population is sometimes to lead to more reliable results, mostly because fatigue is reduced,resulting in fewer errors on collection data. (time, cost,human resources) • Surveys are useful and powerful in finding answers to research question but if data are not collected from the people or objects that can provide the correct answersto solve the problem, the survey will be in vain.

23. Data Analysis and Interpretation • The data analysis involves three major steps, done in roughly this order: • Cleaning and organizing the data for analysis (Data Preparation) • Describing the data (Descriptive Statistics) • Testing Hypotheses and Models (Inferential Statistics)

24. Descriptive Statistics • Descriptive statistics • provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures. • Central Tendency. The central tendency of a distribution is an estimate of the "center" of a distribution of values. There are three major types of estimates of central tendency: • Mean is the most common-used measure of data tendency.=average. • Median is the middle value , when the data is arranged in numerical order.  • Mode is the value ( number) that appears the most. • Dispersion (Range, Standard Diviation)refers to the spread of the values around the central tendency • Inferential statistics • t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), regression analysis, Correlation is a measure of the relation between two or more variables. • we use inferential statistics to make judgments of the probability that an observed difference between groups. Thus, we use inferential statistics to make inferences from our data to more general conditions; • we use descriptive statistics simply to describe what's going on in our data.

25. Statistics methods • Central tendency

26. The Research Report • Researh proposal • Research report • Research presentation

27. Research report articles vary in how they are organized, : • Abstract- Brief summary of the contents of the article • Introduction - A explanation of the purpose of the study, a statement of the research question(s) the study intends to address • Literature review- A critical assessment of the work done so far on this topic, to show how the current study relates to what has already been done • Methods - How the study was carried out (e.g. instruments or equipment, procedures, methods to gather and analyze data) • Results- What was found in the course of the study • Discussion - What do the results mean • Conclusion -State the conclusions and implications of the results, and discuss how it relates to the work reviewed in the literature review; also, point to directions for further work in the area

28. ResearchProposal • Title Page • Abstract (on a separate single page) • The Body (no page breaks between sections in the body) • Introduction (2-3 pages) • Methods (7-10 pages) • Sample (1 page) • Measures (2-3 pages) • Design (2-3 pages) • Procedures (2-3 pages) • Results (2-3 pages) • Conclusions (1-2 pages) • References • Tables (one to a page) • Figures (one to a page) • Appendices

29. Question? • How can you solve business problem? • Why do you need to know how to write the research proposal? • Do you understand the research process? • Do you know why do you have to identify problem statement clearly before doing research? • Do you know why sampling and statistics are important to the research result? • Why do you have to identify the limitation of your study? • Why the research report and presentation are important? • Do you know how to apply the steps of the research process ?

30. Questions • 1.If you want to set up a coffee shop nearthe university and school, what is your research topic? • 2.Identify the problem statement. • 3.Identify the objectives • 4.The hypotheses • 5. The research methodology. • 6. The examples of the questionaireใ

31. Why Study Business Research • To provides information to guide managerial decisions. • More specifically, it is a process of planning, acquiring, analizing, and disseminating relevant data, informastion, ans insights to decision makers in ways that mobilize the organization to take appropriate actions that, in turn, maximize business performance.

32. Planning Drives Business Research • Goal • Decision Support • Business Intellegence • Strategy • Tactics