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Table of Contents

Table of Contents. Chapter Preview 12.1 Earth in Space 12.2 Gravity and Motion 12.3 Phases, Eclipses, and Tides 12.4 Earth’s Moon. 12.1 Earth in Space 12.2 Gravity and Motion 12.3 Phases, Eclipses, and Tides 12.4 Earth’s Moon. Chapter Preview Questions.

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Table of Contents

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  1. Table of Contents Chapter Preview 12.1 Earth in Space 12.2 Gravity and Motion 12.3 Phases, Eclipses, and Tides 12.4 Earth’s Moon • 12.1 Earth in Space • 12.2 Gravity and Motion • 12.3 Phases, Eclipses, and Tides • 12.4 Earth’s Moon

  2. Chapter Preview Questions • What is the source of most of Earth’s heat and natural light? • a. the moon • b. Earth itself • c. the sun • d. stars other than the sun

  3. Chapter Preview Questions • What is the source of most of Earth’s heat and natural light? • a. the moon • b. Earth itself • c. the sun • d. stars other than the sun

  4. Chapter Preview Questions • 2. What force keeps Earth in motion around the sun? • a. friction between Earth and the planets • b. gravity between Earth and the moon • c. friction between Earth and the sun • d. gravity between Earth and the sun

  5. Chapter Preview Questions • 2. What force keeps Earth in motion around the sun? • a. friction between Earth and the planets • b. gravity between Earth and the moon • c. friction between Earth and the sun • d. gravity between Earth and the sun

  6. Chapter Preview Questions • 3. How many natural satellites does Earth have? • a. one • b. two • c. six • d. dozens

  7. Chapter Preview Questions • 3. How many natural satellites does Earth have? • a. one • b. two • c. six • d. dozens

  8. Chapter Preview Questions • 4. What causes day and night? • a. the tilt of Earth’s axis • b. the sun moving behind the moon • c. Earth’s movement around the sun • d. Earth’s rotation on its axis

  9. Chapter Preview Questions • 4. What causes day and night? • a. the tilt of Earth’s axis • b. the sun moving behind the moon • c. Earth’s movement around the sun • d. Earth’s rotation on its axis

  10. Imagine that you are looking up at a full moon in the sky. Why is the moon so bright? Does the moon produce its own light, like a flashlight, or does its light come from somewhere else? Explain your reasoning. What events are caused by the motion of Earth and the moon?

  11. Latin Word Origins equal equinox

  12. Latin Word Origins large mixing bowl crater

  13. Latin Word Origins weight, heaviness gravity, gravitation

  14. Latin Word Origins moon lunar eclipse, lunar highlands

  15. Latin Word Origins sea mare, maria

  16. Latin Word Origins sun solar eclipse

  17. Latin Word Origins shade, shadow umbra, penumbra

  18. Apply It! Review the Latin words and meanings in the chart. Look at the meaning of crater. Predict what a crater might be if it were seen on the surface of the moon. Revise your definition as needed. Sample: I have seen photographs of the moon and have seen large holes in the surface that are probably craters and have a bowl shape.

  19. End of Chapter Preview

  20. Section 1:Earth in Space • How does Earth move in space? • What causes the cycle of seasons on Earth?

  21. How Earth Moves • Earth moves through space in two major ways: rotation and revolution.

  22. How Earth Moves • Earth moves through space in two major ways: rotation and revolution.

  23. Sunlight Striking Earth’s Surface • Near the equator, sunlight strikes Earth’s surface more directly and is less spread out than near the poles.

  24. Seasons on Earth • Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted as it revolvesaround the sun.

  25. Seasons on Earth • The height of the sun above the horizon varies with the season.

  26. Seasons Activity • Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the seasons.

  27. End of Section:Earth in Space

  28. Section 2:Gravity and Motion • What determines the strength of the force of gravity between two objects? • What two factors combine to keep the moon and Earth in orbit?

  29. Gravity, Mass, and Distance • The strength of the force of gravity between two objects depends on two factors: the masses of the objects and the distance between them.

  30. Gravity Versus Distance • As a rocket leaves a planet’s surface, the force of gravity between the rocket and the planet changes. Use the graph to answer the following questions.

  31. Four million newtons Reading Graphs: What is the force of gravity on the rocket at the planet’s surface? Gravity Versus Distance

  32. One million newtons Reading Graphs: What is the force of gravity on the rocket at a distance of two units (twice the planet’s radius from its center)? Gravity Versus Distance

  33. Nonlinear. The graph is a curve. Making Generalizations: According to the graph, is the relationship between gravity and distance linear or nonlinear? Explain. Gravity Versus Distance

  34. It decreases. Drawing Conclusions: In general, how does the force of gravity pulling on the rocket change as the distance between it and the planet increases? Gravity Versus Distance

  35. 0.16 million newtons, or 160,000 newtons Predicting: What would the force of gravity on the rocket be at a distance of five units? Gravity Versus Distance

  36. Gravity and Inertia • Newton concluded that two factors–inertia and gravity–combine to keep Earth in orbit around the sun and the moon in orbit around Earth.

  37. Links on Gravity • Click the SciLinks button for links on gravity.

  38. End of Section:Gravity and Motion

  39. Section 3:Phases, Eclipses,and Tides • What causes the phases of the moon? • What are solar and lunar eclipses? • What causes the tides?

  40. Motions of the Moon • The changing relative positions of the moon, Earth, and sun cause the phases of the moon, eclipses, and tides.

  41. Phases of the Moon • The phase of the moon you see depends on how much of the sunlit side of the moon faces Earth.

  42. The Moon’s Orbit • The moon’s orbit is tilted about 5 degrees relative to Earth’s orbit around the sun.

  43. Solar Eclipse • A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes directly between Earth and the sun, blocking sunlight from Earth.

  44. Lunar Eclipse • During a lunar eclipse, Earth blocks sunlight fromreaching the moon’s surface.

  45. Moon Phases and Eclipses Activity • Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about moon phases and eclipses.

  46. Tides • Tides occur mainly because of differences in the force of gravity between the moon and different parts of Earth.

  47. Spring and Neap Tides • When Earth, the sun, and the moon are in a straight line, a spring tide occurs. When the moon is at a right angle to the sun, a neap tide occurs.

  48. End of Section:Phases, Eclipses,and Tides

  49. Section 4:Earth’s Moon • What causes the phases of the moon? • What are solar and lunar eclipses? • What causes the tides?

  50. The Moon’s Surface • Features on the moon’s surface include maria, craters, and highlands.

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