Independence - Mexico & Latin America

1. Independence - Mexico & Latin America Imperialism & Nation-Building

2. Don Quixote calavera

3. Causes of LA Independence • Liberal Ideas – Enlightenment, Amer Rev, French Rev • Napoleonic wars created chaos for Spain & Portugal – ruler of Spain contested • local elites – want all power over land & wealth – not upset the status quo too much – no power to lower classes

4. Haitian Revolution • French sugar colony – St. Domingue - January 1, 1804 • Toussaint L’Overture - self-educated former domestic slave • first free black republic in the world • Napoleon too concerned w/European wars but sent forces to retake island – captured l’Overture – died in French prison – Haitian forces beat french • A light-skinned elite took control of political and economic power

6. Mexico • 1810 – Catholic Priest - Father Miguel de Hidalgo • Coalition of Indians & Creoles (native born elites) – creoles captured & executed Hidalgo b/c they feared an indian rebellion • Augustine de Iturbide – army creole general in favor of independence (but royalist supporter) • 1821 – independence declared; Iturbide named emperor of Mexico

7. Plan de Iguala -1st Mexican Constitutional document • Mexican independence from Spain • Catholic church – official state church (maintains its monopoly & large tracts of land) • Legal equality of all mexicans (peninsulares & creole – males!) • Conservative document based on some liberal ideas

8. Mexican Independence Conservative or liberal?? • Iturbide named emperor for life • Overthrown in 7-8 months • Closed Congress, press, jailed political opponents • Economic problems after 11 years of war – many national debts • Santa Anna – General stationed in Veracruz led coup against Iturbide • 1836 – French invasion – Santa Anna’s leg 1846 rioters angry about US-MX war - dogs • B/w 1833 & 1855 - 35 different govts/presidents (avg 7.5 months)

9. Centralists vs. Federalists • Federalists – liberals – republican govt with local powers distributed among states (like U.S.) • Centralists – Mexico’s historical tradition – centralized power in Mexico City – very little local power

10. South American Independence • Simon Bolivar – wealthy Creole Army officer • 1817-1822 – won battles in Venezuela & Equador over Spanish troops • Proponent of Republican govt – refused efforts by some to crown him king

11. South America • Jose de San Martin – autonomy / independence for Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay • All had independence (from Spain) by 1825 – republics (not Constitutional Monarchs) – Liberal ideas • Caudillos – charismatic military leaders who take political power (often by force) w/out regard to political ideology – ex. Santa Anna (11 times Pres)– change political views to fit circumstances

12. Brazil – independence from Portugal • Fear of slave uprisings (Haiti) • Napoleonic Wars – Portuguese King & family moved to Brazil to rule • Brazil trading opened up; schools; urban improvements; • 1820 – liberal revolution in Brazil – parliament instituted • Dom Pedro I – 1st constitutional emperor

14. 1830

15. Benito Juárez –La Reforma • Zapotec Indian who led a liberal revolt in1854 • New constitution, 1857 • Privileges of army and church diminished • Goal: nation of small farmers • In reality - lands bought up by wealthy landowners • By 1910 – ½ Mexicans owned NO LAND • Conservative reaction to La Reforma: convinced French to intervene in 1862 • Maximilian von Habsburg - reformist • 1867, French withdraw; Maximilian executed • Juárez in office to 1872 – increased autocracy due to instability

16. Branded as madmen, mystics & revolutionaries, the inhabitants of Brazil's city Canudos were poor, illiterate peasants who came into conflict w/ Brazilian gov’t only after they had been forced off their land. Dispossession -- a common occurrence in 19th century Latin America -- frequently resulted in violence & conflict, often along race and class lines.

17. Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820-1870 Britain, U.S. support independence in exchange for economic power Economies dependent on foreign consumers & investment • Mid-Century Stagnation 1820-1850 • After 1850 - European IR creates more demand • Church, conservatives slow change • Landowners, peasants ally in opposition • Economic Resurgence and Liberal Politics Liberals in power, late 1800s • Auguste Comte, positivism

18. Argentina • United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, 1816 • Liberals v. federalists • Juan Manuel de Rosas- 1831 – Federalist – despot, forced Indians off their land • Overthrown in 1852 • Reunification – Argentine Republic 1862-1890 • President - Domingo F. Sarmiento – liberal reformer

19. The Brazilian Empire • Pedro I - 1824, liberal constitution; Abdicated (disliked b/c of autocratic rule) in 1831 • Pedro II (young) - Regency, 1831-1840 – conflict b/w liberals & conservatives • Economic prosperity • Coffee export - fazendas • slavery intensified • Infrastructure improved • Abolition of slavery - 1888 – leads to downfall of monarchy & power of landowners • Republican Party – formed in 1871 – urban & rural poor • Coup overthrew Emperor in 1889 • Republic founded – military influence & positivism • Peasants in backlands – unrest; econ/social instability - Canudos

20. New Imperialism in LA • Great Britain & U.S. came to dominate the LA economy after independence from Spain & Portugal • British investors/merchants moved to LA in large numbers – built RRs & brought electricity • LA exported to U.S. & G.B. raw materials – wheat, tobacco, sugar, coffee, hides • LA imported technology & finished products – esp. clothing

21. Electric streetcar calavera

22. Mexico and Argentina: Examples of Economic Transformation Porfirio Díaz • 1876, president - 19th C liberal - admired European culture • Foreign capital (US & GB) used for infrastructure – RR, roads, canals, telegraph lines • Revolt suppressed - dictator • Argentina • Meat exports; European immigration • Distinct culture • 1890s - Socialist party forms; strikes from 1910 • Radical Party - Middle class; 1916 – gain power

23. Inequality in LA • Politics & economies in LA were dominated by wealthy elites who owned large tracts of land – haciendas • Grew cash crops – coffee, sugar • 95% of the population – peasants • forced to work on haciendas for low wages • no land to grow basic food crops • suffered from severe poverty

24. The US in LA • 1898 – Spanish – American War • Cuba – protectorate of US • Puerto Rico – annexed to the US • Philippines – protectorate of US • Guam – protectorate of US • 1903 – US urged Panama to fight for independence from Colombia • US supplied military • Panama gave up rights to a 10 mile strip of land for the Panama Canal

25. Panama Canal • French started the canal in 1881 • Continued by US between 1904 and 1914 • Canal is 51 miles long; average crossing time is 8-10 hrs • 6 pairs of locks – locks lift ships 85 feet above sea level • 140 million tons of commercial cargo pass through the canal each year

26. US Investment in LA • 1898 – US military forces sent to Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Haiti, & Dominican Republic to “protect” U.S. corporations & other economic interests • Latin Americans came to resent the “big bullies” from the North

27. “el mosquito americano” • Signs of anti-American sentiment

28. Causes of Mex. Rev. • 20th C Liberal ideas challenge conservative, centralized govt of Porfirio Diaz (“President” of Mexico from 1877 – 1911) • Labor unrest • Economic downturn –95% population owned no land

29. The Mexican Revolution The call to arms • 1. Liberal landowner Francisco Madero forced Diaz from power (1911) - Plan de San Luis Potosí • Free elections • Basic freedoms for all Mexicans • 2. Madero’s reforms were not significant enough to appease the landless peasants – organized themselves into armies & began seizing land from wealthy elites

30. The Mexican Revolution The Constitutionalist coalition – 3 leaders: • 1. Venustiano Carranza controlled Mexico City • 2. Pancho Villa controlled North • 3. Emiliano Zapata controlled SW

31. Alliance of Villa & Zapata • Peasant armies occupy Mexico City • a. Villa & Zapata had limited ideas about forming a govt; their troops behaved badly on the streets of Mexico City

32. Villa enjoying himself--Zapata feeling very uncomfortable. This is in Dec. 1914

33. The Constitution of 1917 Constitutional Gov’t *president - 6 year term *2 houses of Congress • Articles 3 – education would be free & secular • Article 27 – land reform; all of Mexico’s land is owned by the Mexican people • Article 123 – rights for workers; right to join a union

34. Kahlo painting & Rivera mural

35. Mexican Nationalism • Revolution led to new levels of patriotism • Writers & artists tried to capture the uniqueness of Mexico & the Mexican people • Frido Kahlo • Diego Rivera

36. Mexico from 1934 - 1940 • President Lazaro Cárdenas • “Revolution” in action • a. Land reform policy • b. “Socialist” education • c. 1938 - nationalization of the oil fields – conflict with the United States

37. Mexico today • Industrialization • WWII– provided raw materials to U.S. • “Bracero” program – Mexican workers worked in U.S. industries • North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) – United States/Mexico/Canada • US corporations reinvest in Mexico • Mexican crop prices (corn) decrease • Mexican farmers cannot continue to make a living in the country • Migrate to Mexico City & United States