2012. 9. 9

1. Ecological urban management of a buffer zone by ecosystem service function: The example of Bukhansan National Park and Seoul, Korea 2012. 9. 9 Prof. Bong-Ho Han Korean Society of Environment and Ecology

2. Contents Ⅰ Protected Areas and Cities Ⅱ Bukhansan National Park and Seoul Metropolitan City Ⅲ Ecosystem Service Function for Cities Ⅳ Ecological Urban Management of a Buffer Zone

3. Ⅰ. Protected areas and Cities 1. Change of designation and management concept on protected area • Designation of more than 160,000 places in the world • Increase of protected area through inter-government agreement such as CBD(Convention on Biological Diversity) ※ Protected areas located near the cities • http://www.Protectedplanet.net

4. Ⅰ. Protected areas and Cities 2. Relationship between Protected Area and City • Distribution of adjacent city around Protected area • Classification of Protected area and Buffer zone to manage conservation area Legend Residential area • Protection of Biodiversity Research Center Monitoring Education, Training Protected area Tourism Recreation Buffer zone • Buffer from pressure of use • Adjacent area surrounding City Adjacent city 4 • Division of management area in Biosphere Reserve

5. Ⅰ. Protected areas and Cities 3. Degradation of Buffer zone • Development thoughtless for the environmentby urban sprawl (Concentration of population, Regional development) • Degradation of Ecosystem Service and buffer zone Residential site development & Expansion Commercial site development & Expansion Protected area Buffer zone Trasnportation Increase Recreation - desire Increase Degradation of Buffer Zone 5 • Development thoughtless for the environment by urban sprawl

6. Ⅰ. Protected areas and Cities 4. Traditional principle(Fengshui) and urban sprawl of Korea • Propitious relationship between topography and human : 氣(Chi: Energy) • Protection of 氣(Chi: Energy) = Principle of Nature Conservation • Seoul has Inner Four Mountains and Outer Four Mountains Jojongsan Bukhansan(Mt.) Black Tortoise Mt. Baekak(Bukak) Jusan White Tiger Han river Azure Dragon of the east White Tiger of the west Duckyangsan(Mt.) Naksan(Mt.) Myeongdang Azure Dragon Inwangsan(Mt.) Myeongdangsu Gyeongbokgung Yongmasan(Mt.) Namsan(Mt.) Ansan Gaeksu Vermilion bird Josan Gwanaksan(Mt.) • Conceptual diagram of Fengshui in Hanyang • Tradition principle(Fengshui)

7. Ⅰ. Protected areas and Cities Bukhansan(Mt.) Duckyangsan(Mt.) Mt. Baekak(Bukak) Yongmasan(Mt.) Naksan(Mt.) Inwangsan(Mt.) Namsan(Mt.) Gwanaksan(Mt.) • Aerial photograph of Seoul(2003)

8. Ⅱ. Bukhansan National Park and Seoul Metropolitan City 1. Bukhansan National Park 1) Property of location Uijengbu-si • Designation year of National Park: 1983(15th) • Area: 76.9㎢ • Adjacent city: Seoul-si, Goyang-si, Uijengbu-si, Yangju-si Yangju-si Uijengbu-si Goyang-si Yangju-si Bukhansan National Park Goyang-si Seoul Metropolitan City Seoul-si • Park map of Bukhansan(Mt.) N. P. • Aerial photograph of broad location of Bukhansan(Mt.) N. P.

9. Ⅱ. Bukhansan National Park and Seoul Metropolitan City 2) Landscape of Bukhansan(Mt.) N.P. • View ofManjangbong(peak) • View ofBaekundae, Insubong, Mangyeongdae(peak) • View of Mangweolsa(temple) • View of BukhansanFortress

10. Ⅱ. Bukhansan National Park and Seoul Metropolitan City 3) Use behavior of Bukhansan(Mt.) N.P. • Climbing • Hiking on Dulegil(trail) • 둘레길 이용하는 탐방객 • Rock climbing • Summer vacation in the valley

11. 도봉산 수락산 불암산 초안산 봉산 북악 개운산 용마산 천장산 창덕궁 불광천 인왕산 낙산 배봉산 난지도 안산 중랑천 홍제천 아차산 Namsan(Mt.) 용산 여의도 수도산 와룡산 국사봉 도림천 현충원 탄천 굴봉산 대모산 우면산 Gwanak-san(Mt.) 청계산 Ⅱ. Bukhansan National Park and Seoul Metropolitan City 2. Seoul metropolitan city 1) Urbanization of Seoul (1918 → 2010) Legend • Abundant Green areas in 1918 Forest River Road Urban area Bukhansan(Mt.) N.P. Hangang(river) • Status of nature axis by topographic map in 1918, Seoul

12. Ⅱ. Bukhansan National Park and Seoul Metropolitan City • Dramatic Urban Sprawl in 2010 • Concentration to Bukhansan(Mt.) National Park Bukhansan(Mt.) N.P. Hangang(river) Urban Sprawl Namsan(Mt.) • Status of nature axis by biotope map map in 2010, Seoul

13. Ⅱ. Bukhansan National Park and Seoul Metropolitan City • Unregistered trail 2) over-pressure by adjacent city • Length of unregistered trail: 7o㎞ • Concentration to the area around Seoul metropolitan city Yangju-si Goyang-si Uijeongbu-sI Seoul Metropolitan City • Status of unregistered trail in 2007, Bukhansan(Mt.) National Park

14. Ⅱ. Bukhansan National Park and Seoul Metropolitan City • Urbanization Yangju-si Uijeongbu-si Highrised apartment housing area Low-story commecial area Goyang-si Eunpyeong New Town Dobong-gu Detached housing area Eunpyeong-gu Gangbuk-gu Seongbuk-gu Jongno-gu • Urbanization of Bukhansan National Park

15. Ⅱ. Bukhansan National Park and Seoul Metropolitan City • Detached housing area around Bukhansan(Mt.) N.P. in Pyengchang-dong, Jongno-gu • High rised apartment around Bukhansan(Mt.) N.P. in Dobong-gu • Commercial area around Bukhansan(Mt.) N.P. in Ui-dong, Gangbuk-gu • High rised apartment around Bukhansan(Mt.) N.P. in Eunpyeong-gu

16. Ⅲ. Eosystem Service Function for Cities 1. Periodical Change of Protected Areas Future Model (After 2010s) ContemporaryModel (1970s ~ 2000s) Modern Model (Middle of 1800s ~ 1970s) Value of Landscape Ecosystem Service Scientific, Economic, Cultural value Governance with Local stakeholders Central Government Central and Local Government Planning of economy , land use, climate change, and reduction of disaster with surrouning city Surrounding landscape Island isolated to Human activity Parts of comprehensive ecological network

17. Ⅲ. Eosystem Service Function for Cities 2. Ecosystem Services Function Regulation Services Provisioning Services Cultural Services Supporting Services (UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment(MA) City Ecosystem Service

18. Adjacent City Ⅲ. Eosystem Service Function for Cities 3. Sustainable use of ecosystem services Ecosystem Service Protected Area Sustainable Use Environmentally friendly Urban Planning Policy support Participation of local resident

19. Ⅳ. Ecological Urban Management of a Buffer Zone 1. Mapping and Landscape planning • Mapping Bukhansan(Mt.) National Park • Landscape map of Bukhansan National Park • Biotope map of Bukhansan National Park • Biotope map of Seoul metropolitan city

20. Ⅳ. Ecological Urban Management of a Buffer Zone • Landscape Planning Protected biotopes Sub-objectives of nature conservation and landscape management Recreation Cultural landscape Diversity, characteristic features and beauty Process protection Soil conservation Biotope network Biodiversity strategy Landscape planning Thematically and spatially consistent concept for realising the nature conservation and landscape management objectives • Function of Landscape planning

21. Periphery circulation Forest axis South-North Greens axis East-West River axis Forest Ecological axis Constructed Greens axis River axis Ⅳ. Ecological Urban Management of a Buffer Zone • Green axis of Seoul metropolitan city

22. Ⅳ. Ecological Urban Management of a Buffer Zone ㆍCore green area of Seongbuk-gu ㆍRidge to be connected in to urban area Bukhansan(Mt.) National Park River inflowing into the city Dream land Jangwi Newtown Odong neighboring park Gilum-Newtown Baebadgol-stream Weolgok-stream Dongdeok Woman’s univ. Jeonglung-stream 청량산 Seongbuk neighboring park ㆍUrban area with amenity and beautiful landscape Gaeunsan(Mt.) Seoul fortress ㆍGreen area with full of life Seongbuk-stream ㆍSeoul fortress with history • Conceptual map of park and green area of Seongbuk-gu

23. Ⅳ. Ecological Urban Management of a Buffer Zone Legend Construction of New Park Construction of green way Contruction of ecological and cultural Recreation area Connection plan for street tree Connection plan for disconnected area of ecological axis Construction plan for Smaill-sized biotope • Master plan of expansion of park and green area of Dobong-gu

24. Ⅳ. Ecological Urban Management of a Buffer Zone 2. Landscape Management Uijeongbu-si Yangju-si Highrised apartment housing area Landscape Management district(plan) Low-story commecial area Bukhansan(Mt.) National Park Goyang-si Middle-story Apartment housing area Dobong-gu Eunpyeong-gu Detached housing area Gangbuk-gu Eunpyeong New Town Highrised apartment housing area Seongbuk-gu Jongno-gu Strengthen of regulation of landscape degradation area • Planning map of landscape management distrcit

25. Inducement of distribution of building Ⅳ. Ecological Urban Management of a Buffer Zone • Present regulation(Maximum Height Regulation distrct, Natural Landscape distrct) → protection of landscpe in the partial area considering only floor height Expansion of Regulation Area Maximum Height Regulation distrct Regulation of floor height Bukhansan(Mt.) National Park Set-up the Shape of building Natural Landscape district Sorrounding area of Dobong- gu, Gangbuk-gu Landscape Management district(plan) Sorrounding area of Gugi –dong, Pyeongchang-dong Suyu area Pyeongchang area Pyeongchang area • Planning map of landscape management district

26. Ⅳ. Ecological Urban Management of a Buffer Zone 3. Collaborative policies and programs Collaborative management of Buffer zone with citizens Yangju-si Uijeongbu-si Bukhansan(Mt.) National Park Goyang-si • Festival in buffer zone Dobong-gu Gangbuk -gu Eunpyeong -gu Seongbuk-gu Jongno-gu Seodaemoon-gu • Committee of local cooperation

27. Thank You!!