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Non-Renewable Fuels Environmental Impact

Non-Renewable Fuels Environmental Impact. US Energy Consumption by Source (1999). Renewables , 8%. Renewables 7.2 QUADS. All Energy Sources 96.7 QUADS. Non Renewable Fuels. Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Nuclear Fission. Coal. World Coal Consumption.

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Non-Renewable Fuels Environmental Impact

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  1. Non-Renewable FuelsEnvironmental Impact

  2. US Energy Consumption by Source (1999) Renewables , 8% Renewables 7.2 QUADS EGEE 102-Pisupati All Energy Sources 96.7 QUADS

  3. Non Renewable Fuels • Coal • Petroleum • Natural Gas • Nuclear Fission EGEE 102-Pisupati

  4. Coal EGEE 102-Pisupati

  5. World Coal Consumption • World coal consumption is projected to increase from 5.3 billion tons in 1997 to 7.6 billion tons in 2020. • US annual coal consumption is approximately 1 billion tons EGEE 102-Pisupati

  6. Coal Reserves (M metric tons) US – 275.5 World -1088.6 EGEE 102-Pisupati Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/table82.html

  7. Coal Analyses • Proximate Analysis • Ultimate Analysis • Calorific Value EGEE 102-Pisupati

  8. Proximate Analysis • Moisture • Volatile Matter • Ash • Fixed Carbon (obtained by difference) EGEE 102-Pisupati

  9. Ultimate Analysis(elemental composition) EGEE 102-Pisupati

  10. Calorific Value (Heating Value) • Heating or Calorific Value is the amount of heat released when a unit mass of fuel is burned (Btu/lb. or cal/g) • Calorific value has implications for pollution measurements such as SO2 whose emissions are calculated on a lb per million Btu basis EGEE 102-Pisupati

  11. Coal Ranks • There are 4 general ranks for coals: • Lignite low rank • Subbituminous • Bituminous • Anthracite High rank EGEE 102-Pisupati

  12. Coal’s Future Lifetime (of a resource) = Reserves Annual Use Reserves to Production Ratio (R/P Ratio) World 1173 G Tons / 4.33 G Tons/y = 271 Years USA 277 G Tons/0.99 G Tons/y = 280 Years Note: Reserves are likely to increase as well as decrease, usage is also expected to change EGEE 102-Pisupati

  13. Petroleum EGEE 102-Pisupati

  14. EGEE 102-Pisupati

  15. Petroleum • Naturally occurring liquid containing a complex mixture of hydrocarbons (molecules made of C and H atoms) • Also contains few compounds containing N, S, and O atoms EGEE 102-Pisupati

  16. Petroleum Composition EGEE 102-Pisupati

  17. Crude Oil Reserves (B bbls) US – 21.8 World – 1,016 EGEE 102-Pisupati Source: www.bp.com

  18. Production and Consumption (mn bbls/day)BP Amoco Statistical Review of World Energy 2000 (http://www.bp.com) • World • Production – 73 • United States • Production – 9.2 • Consumption – 18.9 EGEE 102-Pisupati

  19. EGEE 102-Pisupati

  20. One Barrel of Oil (42 US gallons) produces … • Gasoline (19.5 Gallons) • Distillate Fuel Oil (9.2) • Kerosene (4.1) • Residual Fuel Oil (2.3) • Lubricating Oil, Asphalt, Wax (2) • Petrochemicals for plastics and polymers (2) • Total Yield: 44.4 gallons EGEE 102-Pisupati

  21. How long can we depend on Petroleum? • World = 1016,000 million barrels/73 million bbls/day = 13,967 days= 38.1 years US = 21,800 million bbls/18.9 million bbls/day = 1,153 days or 3.16 years if we keep importing at the current rate = 21,800 million bbls/9.3 million bbls/day = 2,344 days or 6.4 years EGEE 102-Pisupati

  22. Natural Gas EGEE 102-Pisupati

  23. Natural Gas WHAT IS IT? • Principally methane, CH4, with some ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8), and impurities such as CO2, H2S, and N2. CALORIFIC VALUE • Approximately 1,000 Btu/cu.ft (22,500 Btu/lb) EGEE 102-Pisupati

  24. Natural Gas Types • WET- contains HCS other than Methane and ethane • SOUR- contains H 2S,which is highly undesirable due to corrosion, and SO2 formation upon combustion. EGEE 102-Pisupati

  25. Reserves (Trillion Cu. Ft) US - 167 T Cu. ft World - 5210 T cu. ft EGEE 102-Pisupati

  26. How long can we depend on Natural Gas? • US= 166 T. Cu. Ft / 21.7 T. Cu. Ft per year (1999) = 7.6 years • World = 5240 T cu. Ft/84.2 T. Cu.ft per year =62 years EGEE 102-Pisupati

  27. Utilization-CombustionPremium Fuel • Highest calorific value of any fossil fuel (1,000 Btu/cu. ft. or 24,000 Btu/lb) • No ash in the fuel - no mess • Easy transportation and no storage space required • Better combustion efficiency • Less CO2 emissions compared to oil and coal for the same heat release EGEE 102-Pisupati

  28. Comparison of Fossil Fuels Composition Heating Value Coal CH 0.8 13,000 Btu/lb Oil CH2 20,000 Btu/lb Natural Gas CH4 22,000 Btu/lb All also contain oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen etc. 1 gal of Petroleum = 10 lb of Coal = 150 cu.ft Gas EGEE 102-Pisupati

  29. Cost of Energy/MMBtu for oil • Price of oil is usually given in $ / barrel • If the price is $22/barrel • One Barrel of oil has 5,800,000 Btu EGEE 102-Pisupati

  30. Cost of Energy per MMBtu- Natural gas • Usually price is given as $/1,000 Cu. Ft • Say $7.44/1000Cu. Ft (PA) • Energy Content 1,000 Btu/Cu. Ft EGEE 102-Pisupati

  31. Cost of Energy- $/Million Btu • Price is given in $/ton. Approximate average price is $33.26/ton in PA • Calorific value = 13,000 Btu/lb or 20.77 million BTUs/ton EGEE 102-Pisupati

  32. US Energy use and Environmental Consequences Emissions Fossil Fuels CO2 CO Combustion SO2 NOx Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Sulfur Oxygen Particulate Matter PM10 PM2.5 NH3 EGEE 102-Pisupati

  33. US Air Emissions, Mtons (1999) EGEE 102-Pisupati

  34. EGEE 102-Pisupati

  35. Greenhouse Gas Emissions EGEE 102-Pisupati

  36. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) • Nitrogen oxides, like hydrocarbons, are precursors to the formation of ground level ozone and thereby to photochemical smog • Precursors to the formation of acid rain • Long-term exposures to NO2 may lead to increased susceptibility to respiratory infection and may cause permanent alterations in the lung. EGEE 102-Pisupati

  37. Carbon Monoxide • Product of incomplete combustion • Reduces the flow of oxygen in the bloodstream • Particularly dangerous to persons with heart disease. EGEE 102-Pisupati

  38. Sulfur Dioxide • High concentrations of SO2 can result in temporary breathing impairment for asthmatic children and adults • in conjunction with high levels of PM, include respiratory illness, alterations in the lungs’ defenses, and aggravation of existing cardiovascular disease. • Together, SO2 and NOx are the major precursors to acidic deposition (acid rain) • major precursor to PM2.5, which is a significant health concern EGEE 102-Pisupati

  39. Particulate Matter • Health effects • Visibility impairment • Atmospheric deposition • Aesthetic damage EGEE 102-Pisupati

  40. Additional Resources • http://www.epa.gov/air/aqtrnd00/ • http://www.eia.doe.gov • http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/acidrain/ • http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/ • http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/gooduphigh/ • http://www.epa.gov/air/concerns/#smog EGEE 102-Pisupati

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