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ASAS KEUSAHAWANAN MGM 3180

K2. ASAS KEUSAHAWANAN MGM 3180. Preparing financial statements. Payroll. Statement of Cash Flow. Operation expenses. Utilities. The Income Statement. Supplies and repairs. Budgeting. The Balance Sheet. Inflows and liabilities. Cash sales. Break-Even Analysis. receivable. Other….

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ASAS KEUSAHAWANAN MGM 3180

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  1. K2 ASAS KEUSAHAWANAN MGM 3180

  2. Preparing financial statements Payroll Statement of Cash Flow Operation expenses Utilities The Income Statement Supplies and repairs Budgeting The Balance Sheet Inflows and liabilities Cash sales Break-Even Analysis receivable Other….. Ratio analysis Cash & debtors buildings Machineries & equipments Input materials fixed assets current assets Semi processed Finished product

  3. TASK ENVIRONMENT(Industry) EconomicForces SocioculturalForces INTERNALENVIRONMENT TechnologicalForces Political/LegalForces market Preparing financial statements 1. Sales forecast e.g. Market size (number of potential customers fitting your target market characteristics) = 1,000 captured market share (known, expressed interest in purchasing + estimates from survey) =10%, 100 Or Basic derivative (market size/no. of competitors) = 1000/10 = 100 Consumption (from survey, market data, trend analysis) = 0 to 2 units per month, (dependent on seasonality factors, ... + marketing efforts to create exchanges + production capacity and efficiency + product lifecycle) @ acceptable market price say RM800/unit NewEntrants Stockholders Supplies Competitor’s Response Profile Governments Employees/Labor Unions SpecialInterestGroups Structure Culture Resources Suppliers Buyers Competitors Customers TradeAssociations Creditors Communities Substitutes *Projected sales – based on market research data, assumptions, expectation + consideration of market trend such as seasonality, competitive and rivalry level,…

  4. Preparing financial statements2. Process analysis and costing • What are the processes needed in this business; direct and indirect? • ALL activities are potential cost centers operation Back office activities Front office activities Marketing & sales administration production Communication & distribution manufacturing Inbound-outbound logistic Purchasing Design QA • It helps if you can chart the entire business workflow to determine: • the number of personnel per task or task per personnel • job description & pay structure • machine requirements and process flow + process costing • … FIXED COSTS & VARIABLE COSTS

  5. Personnel: 2xRM3000/month Work station + CATIA/CAD-CAM – RM 25K x 2 Example 1simple production Personnel: 4xRM1000/month Building: RM 100K Racking RM 30K Forklift RM2k/m BOM Personnel: 2xRM3000/month MRPii system RM 250K + RM10K/annum Allocated marketing expenditure: RM 100K/annum Personnel: 2xRM3000/month Target: RM1M sales/month Inventory system Finished goods store/ transport Design Marketing Process 1 QA Purchasing Process 3 Packaging Production Process 2 Product development Secure inventory Quality check Secure order Purchase raw material Market information Supplier delivery Personnel: 2xRM1000/month QA equipments: RM 30K Production engineer 1xRM3700/month Personnel: 4xRM1000/month Building: RM 100K Trucks: RM500K x1 Driver: RM 2000 x1 Machine RM50K Machine RM30K Machine RM10K Machine RM10K Personnel: 1xRM700/month Personnel: 1xRM700/month

  6. Example 1simple production Energy Consumption @ normal operational speed BOM 0.55KW/hr 2KW/hr 25KW/hr 5KW/hr Material 1, RM20x1 Material 2, RM 0.5x3 Material 3, RM 5 x 2 Material 4, RM25x1 Material 5, RM 1.5x6 Material 6, RM40x1 Material 7, RM 1.5x 3 meter Packaging Process 3 Process 2 Process 1 Production Direct material costs/unit RM 109 Direct energy costs - May be treated as part of overhead Production energy costs (32.55KW/hr x operation hours x utility rates)/output

  7. Preparing financial statementsCash flow Dependent on mini-max FG stock policy Limited to maximum production capacity, Ideal time management policy *Projected sales – based on market research data, assumptions, expectation + consideration of market trend such as seasonality Unit price RM 800/unit Unit cost RM 109/unit

  8. Preparing financial statements Normal terms: 60 days

  9. Sales TotalCost Variable ProjectedCosts/Profits$000 Break even point 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Fixed 1 BEP = (SP –VC)S – FC or FC = (SP – VC)SwhereSP = Unit selling priceVC = Variable cost per unitS = Sales in unitsFC = Fixed cost 0 100 500 200 300 400 Unit Sales

  10. BEP • Say: • Fixed costs: RM 1000 • Variable costs: RM10/unit • Selling price: RM 15/unit • BEP = RM1000/(RM15-TM10) = 200unit

  11. Ratio Analysis • help financial analysts implement plans that improve profitability, liquidity, financial structure, reordering, leverage, and interest coverage. • Although ratios report mostly on past performances, they can provide lead indications of potential problem areas • used to compare a company's financial figures over a period of time. • Through trend analysis, you can identify trends, good and bad, and adjust your business practices accordingly. • You can also see how your ratios stack up against other businesses, both in and out of your industry.

  12. Ratio analysis company's financial strength Specific Efficiency Ratios Balance Sheet Ratios Inventory Turnover Income Statement Ratios Inventory turn-days Accounts ReceivableTurnover Average CollectionPeriod Overall Efficiency Ratios Accounts PayableTurnover Sales-to-Assets Return on Assets Accounts ReceivableTurnover Return on Investment Task : what are the meaning of these ratios?

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