HUMANS in NATURE BIOL 102 Spring 2012: two week overview; lectures and texts

1. HUMANS in NATURE BIOL 102 Spring 2012: two week overview; lectures and texts From “Essential Biology with Physiology”: Chap 1: "Properties of Life, Life at its Many Levels, Life in its Diverse Forms; Evolution; The Processes of Science; The Culture of Science; Science, Technology, Society; Evolution in our Every Day Lives.“ Chap 20: "Biophilia and an environmental Ethic” pp 448-449 Chap 14: development & evolution; pp 278-279 Chap 26: embryonic development; pp 562-564 Chap 11: gene regulation & communications between cells - cell signaling; pp 198-206

2. Figure 1.00

3. THE SCOPE OF LIFE The Properties of Life • Biology is the scientific study of life. • Life is structured on a size scale ranging from the molecular to the global. • Biology’s scope stretches across the enormous diversity of life on Earth. • --AND BEYOND … what life form can survive conditions of outer space?

4. a Order b Regulation c Growth and development d Energy utilization Figure 1.1a

5. f Reproduction e Response to the environment g Evolution Figure 1.1b

6. a Order MATH? What is the “Fibonacci Series” and what does it have to do with living things? Figure 1.1ba

7. b Regulation PHYSIOLOGY? What is “homeostasis?” ... How is “dynamic balance” like a mobile? Figure 1.1bb

8. c Growth and development What is “EPIGENESIS?” Figure 1.1bc

9. d Energy utilization What might increase or decrease an organism’s need for energy? Figure 1.1bd

10. e Response to the environment What about the environment INSIDE an organism? Figure 1.1be

11. f Reproduction Are these critters “ugly” or “cute” ( or “beautiful?” ) Does knowing how dangerous they are change your view? Figure 1.1bf

12. g Evolution What are some COSTS and BENEFITS of “crypsis?” Figure 1.1bg

13. Biosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Figure 1.2-1

14. Biosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms Organ Systems and Organs Tissues Figure 1.2-2

15. Biosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms Organ Systems and Organs Molecules and Atoms Atom Organelles Tissues Nucleus Cells Figure 1.2-3

16. Biosphere Figure 1.2a

17. Ecosystems Communities Figure 1.2b

18. List several ways that organisms COMMUNICATE with each other? What are to possible COSTS & BENEFITS of each? Populations Organisms Figure 1.2c

19. Organ Systems and Organs Figure 1.2d

20. Tissues Figure 1.2e

21. Nucleus Cells Organelles Figure 1.2f

22. Atom Molecules and Atoms Figure 1.2g

23. Ecosystems • Each organism interacts continuously with its environment. • Organisms interact continuously with the living and nonliving factors in the environment. • The interactions between organisms and their environment take place within an ecosystem. • The dynamics of any ecosystem depend on two main processes: • Cycling of nutrients • Flow of energy

24. Loss of heat energy ECOSYSTEM Inflow of light energy Consumers animals Chemical energy food Producers plants and other photosynthetic organisms Decomposers in soil Cycling of nutrients Figure 1.3

25. Cells and Their DNA • The cell is the lowest level of structure that can perform all activities required for life. • All organisms are composed of cells.

26. We can distinguish two major types of cells: • Prokaryotic • Eukaryotic

27. The prokaryotic cell is simpler and smaller and contains no organelles. • Bacteria have prokaryotic cells.

28. The eukaryotic cell is larger, more complex, and contains organelles. • The nucleus is the largest organelle in most eukaryotic cells. • Plants and animals are composed of eukaryotic cells.

29. Larger Smaller • • Simpler structure More complex structure • • DNA concentrated in nucleoid region, which is not enclosed by membrane • Nucleus enclosed by membrane • Contains many • types of organelles Lacks most organelles • Prokaryotic cell (bacterium) Eukaryotic cell Organelles • Nucleus Nucleoid region Colorized TEM Figure 1.4

30. All cells use DNA as the chemical material of genes. • Genes are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring. • The language of DNA contains just four letters: • A, G, C, T • The entire book of genetic instructions that an organism inherits is called its genome. What do A, G, C, and T stand for? What kind of biochemicals are they?

31. The four chemical building blocks of DNA A DNA molecule Figure 1.5

32. Genetic engineering and biotechnology have allowed us to manipulate the DNA and genes of organisms. • Bacteria can make insulin because a gene for insulin production was transplanted into their DNA. What do geneticists mean by “LATERAL TRANSFER?”

33. Figure 1.6

34. Life in Its Diverse Forms • Diversity is the hallmark of life. • The diversity of known life includes 1.8 million species. • Estimates of the total diversity range from 10 million to over 100 million species. How do the Smoky Mountains rank amongst environments with respect to BIODIVERSITY?

35. Grouping Species: The Basic Concept • Biodiversity can be beautiful but overwhelming. • Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies species. • It formalizes the hierarchical ordering of organisms.

36. Figure 1.7

37. The Three Domains of Life • The three domains of life are • Bacteria • Archaea • Eukarya

38. Bacteria and Archaea have prokaryotic cells.

39. Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi DOMAIN EUKARYA DOMAIN BACTERIA Colorized TEM Kingdom Animalia DOMAIN ARCHAEA LM TEM Protists (multiple kingdoms) Figure 1.8

40. DOMAIN BACTERIA Colorized TEM DOMAIN ARCHAEA TEM Figure 1.8a

41. DOMAIN EUKARYA Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae LM Kingdom Animalia Protists multiple kingdoms Figure 1.8b

42. Colorized TEM Domain Bacteria Figure 1.8ba

43. TEM Domain Archaea Figure 1.8bb

44. Kingdom Plantae Figure 1.8bc

45. Kingdom Fungi Figure 1.8bd

46. Kingdom Animalia Figure 1.8be

47. LM Protists multiple kingdoms Figure 1.8bf

48. Eukarya includes • Kingdom Plantae • Kingdom Fungi • Kingdom Animalia • Protists (multiple kingdoms) • Protists are generally single celled. • Most plants, fungi, and animals are multicellular.

49. These three multicellular kingdoms are distinguished by how they obtain food. • Plants produce their own sugars and other foods by photosynthesis. • Fungi are mostly decomposers, digesting dead organisms. • Animals obtain food by eating and digesting other organisms.

50. Unity in the Diversity of Life • Underlying the diversity of life is a striking unity, especially at the lower levels of structure. • For example, all life uses the genetic language of DNA. • Biological evolution accounts for this combination of unity and diversity.