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Inventory Management

12. Inventory Management. Learning Objectives. Define the term inventory and list the major reasons for holding inventories; and list the main requirements for effective inventory management. Discuss the nature and importance of service inventories

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Inventory Management

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  1. 12 Inventory Management

  2. Learning Objectives • Define the term inventory and list the major reasons for holding inventories; and list the main requirements for effective inventory management. • Discuss the nature and importance of service inventories • Discuss periodic and perpetual review systems. • Discuss the objectives of inventory management. • Describe the A-B-C approach and explain how it is useful.

  3. Learning Objectives • Describe the basic EOQ model and its assumptions and solve typical problems. • Describe the economic production quantity model and solve typical problems. • Describe the quantity discount model and solve typical problems. • Describe reorder point models and solve typical problems. • Describe situations in which the single-period model would be appropriate, and solve typical problems.

  4. Inventory Independent Demand Dependent Demand A C(2) B(4) D(2) E(1) D(3) F(2) Independent demand is uncertain. Dependent demand is certain. Inventory: a stock or store of goods

  5. Inventory Models • Independent demand – finished goods, items that are ready to be sold • E.g. a computer • Dependent demand – components of finished products • E.g. parts that make up the computer

  6. Types of Inventories • Raw materials & purchased parts • Partially completed goods called work in progress • Finished-goods inventories • (manufacturingfirms) or merchandise (retail stores)

  7. Types of Inventories (Cont’d) • Replacement parts, tools, & supplies • Goods-in-transit to warehouses or customers

  8. Functions of Inventory • To meet anticipated demand • To smooth production requirements (to build inventories during preseason period) • To decouple operations (in terms of operational difficulties) • To protect against stock-outs

  9. Functions of Inventory (Cont’d) • To take advantage of order cycles (to produce in economic lot size) • To help hedge against price increases • To permit operations (work in progress inventory) • To take advantage of quantity discounts

  10. Objective of Inventory Control • To achieve satisfactory levels of customer service while keeping inventory costs within reasonable bounds • Level of customer service • Costs of ordering and carrying inventory Inventory turnover is the ratio ofaverage cost of goods sold toaverage inventory investment.

  11. Effective Inventory Management • A system to keep track of inventory • A reliable forecast of demand • Knowledge of lead times • Reasonable estimates of • Holding costs • Ordering costs • Shortage costs • A classification system

  12. Inventory Counting Systems • Periodic System Physical count of items made at periodic intervals (Manager periodically check the shelves) • Perpetual Inventory System (Continuous) System that keeps track of removals from inventory continuously, thus monitoringcurrent levels of each item

  13. Inventory Counting Systems (Cont’d) 0 214800 232087768 • Two-Bin System - Two containers of inventory; reorder when the first is empty • Universal Bar Code - Bar code printed on a label that hasinformation about the item to which it is attached

  14. Key Inventory Terms • Lead time: time interval between ordering and receiving the order • Holding (carrying) costs: cost to carry an item in inventory for a length of time, usually a year • Ordering costs: costs of ordering and receiving inventory • Shortage costs: costs when demand exceeds supply

  15. ABC Classification System High A Annual $ value of items B C Low Low High Percentage of Items Figure 12.1 Classifying inventory according to some measure of importance and allocating control efforts accordingly. A-very important B- mod. important C- least important

  16. Economic Order Quantity Models • Economic order quantity (EOQ) model • The order size that minimizes total annual cost • Economic production model

  17. Assumptions of EOQ Model • Only one product is involved • Annual demand requirements known • Demand is even throughout the year • Lead time does not vary • Each order is received in a single delivery • There are no quantity discounts

  18. The Inventory Cycle Profile of Inventory Level Over Time Q Usage rate Quantity on hand Reorder point Time Place order Receive order Receive order Receive order Place order Lead time Figure 12.2

  19. Total Cost Q D S H + 2 Q Annual carrying cost Annual ordering cost Total cost = + TC =

  20. Cost Minimization Goal Figure 12.4C The Total-Cost Curve is U-Shaped Annual Cost Ordering Costs Order Quantity (Q) QO (optimal order quantity)

  21. Minimum Total Cost Q D S H = 2 Q The total cost curve reaches its minimum where the carrying and ordering costs are equal.

  22. Deriving the EOQ Using calculus, we take the derivative of the total cost function and set the derivative (slope) equal to zero and solve for Q.

  23. Example • A local distributor for a national tire company expects to sell approximately 9,600 steel belted radial tires of a certain cize and tread design next year. Annual carrying cost is $16 per tire and ordering cost is $75. The distributor operates 288 days a year. • What is the Economic Order Quantity? • How many times per year does the store Re-order? • What is the length of an order cycle? • What is the total annual cost if the EOQ quantity is ordered?

  24. Economic Production Quantity (EPQ) • Production done in batches or lots • Capacity to produce a part exceeds the part’s usage or demand rate • Assumptions of EPQ are similar to EOQ except orders are received incrementally during production

  25. Economic Production Quantity Assumptions • Only one item is involved • Annual demand is known • Usage rate is constant • Usage occurs continually • Production rate is constant • Lead time does not vary • No quantity discounts

  26. Economic Run Size

  27. A toy Manufacturing uses 48,000 rubber weels per year for its popular dump truck series. The firm makes its own wheels, which it can produce at a rate of 800 per day. The toy trucks are assembled uniformly over the entire year. Carrying cost is $1 per wheel a year. Setup cost for a production run of a wheels is $45. The firm operates 240 days per year. Determine the :- a) Optimal run size (optimal quantity produced) b) Minimum total annual cost for carrying cost and setup. c) Cycle time for the optimal run size? d) Run time

  28. Safety Stock Quantity Maximum probable demand during lead time Expected demand during lead time ROP Safety stock Time LT Figure 12.12 Safety stock reduces risk of stockout during lead time

  29. THANKS

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