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Group processes and cultural sensitivity Lecture for students leaving to Ghana in 2019

Group processes and cultural sensitivity Lecture for students leaving to Ghana in 2019. Jiří Čeněk 16.1.2018. Outline. Group processes , attribution Prejudice Intercultural communication User.mendelu.cz/ cenek. Where have you been ?.

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Group processes and cultural sensitivity Lecture for students leaving to Ghana in 2019

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  1. Group processes and cultural sensitivityLecture for students leaving to Ghana in 2019 Jiří Čeněk 16.1.2018

  2. Outline • Group processes, attribution • Prejudice • Interculturalcommunication • User.mendelu.cz/cenek

  3. Wherehaveyoubeen?

  4. Whatinterpersonalproblemsmightoccurduringyourstay?

  5. Socialgroup • = itis natural forpeople to formgroups • Group: 2+ peopleforming a unit, interactingwitheachother (mostlybetween 2-6) • In-group = groupwebelong to • Out-group = groupwedontbelong to

  6. Ingroup and outgroup • Ingroup and outgroup • Who are You? HowwouldYoudescribeYourself? • Youcanaccording to variouscriteriadefine: • „Us“ = ingroup • „Them“ = outgroup • Whatstudents are more cool? Studentsof MU or MZLU? • Ingroupbias:Thetendency to favoronesowngroup.

  7. Ingroup and outgroup • Outcomesof IG bias: • Tendency to defineonesgrouppositively = wefeelgoodaboutourselves. (Social identity) • Tendency to conform to groupnorms. • Tendency to identifywiththegroup. • Tendency to: • Liketheingroup • Disliketheoutgroup • Orboth • Canyouthinkofotherexamplesfromthereallife?

  8. Exampleofingroupbias • Rwandangenocide: Hutu and Tutsi • Seealso: Hotel Rwanda (2004) and Lord oftheFlies (1990)

  9. In-group – out-group

  10. Socialgroup • Norms:Howmembersofthegroupshould and should not behave. • Roles: Setsofbehaviorsthatindividualsoccupyingspecificpositionswithinthegroup are expected to perform. • Sanctions: • Positive (reward) or negative (punishment). • Collectivistcultureshavestrongersystemsofsanctions.

  11. Normformation (O. Sherif) • Omar Sherif: Autokineticexperiments • Based on autokineticeffect (video 2m 20s) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZOhH07h4Iw

  12. Status Status:Attained by joiningthegroup • = a relativesocialpositionwithinthegroup • Formalorinformal • Achieved(earned) orgivenatbirth (ascribed) • Peoplecanhave more statusesdepending on theirpositions in variousgroups.

  13. Proces of status organizationwithin a group – achievementofgroupgoals PPe Percievedability (goalrelatedskills) Levelofparticipation Expectedshareofgroupssuccess Status + power Group orientation Asertiveness Behavioral style

  14. Status within a group • Alpha • Representsgroupinitiative • Feelsresponsible • Confrontstheenemies • Beta • Doesn‛t interfere in theconflictsbetweenalpha and omega • Positivelyevaluatedfor his/her specialskills and knowledge • Relationship to thegroupconnectedthroughalpha • Gama • Membersof a groupidentifiedwithalpha • Anonymous, majority of a group • Do not set goals, do not decide • Omega • Negative element in a group • Usually a newmember, indecisivemember • Representsopinions and characteristicsofanenemy • Becomesanenemy

  15. Commonsourcesofconflict

  16. Summary • Beawareoftheprocessesoccuring in groups. • Beawarethateverygroup has certainnorms, everymember has a certain status thatboth influence thebehaviorofgroupmembers.

  17. Socialcognition - Attribution

  18. Socialcognition Definition: The manner in which we receive, interpret, analyze, remember and use information about the social world.

  19. Socialcognition • Attributiontheory (F. Heider, 1958) • Analyzeshowweexplainpeoplesbehavior. • Assumptions: • Weseek to make senseofourworld. • Weattributepeoplesactions to internalorexternalcauses. • We do this in fairlylogical, consistentways. • Causes: • Internal (personsdisposition) • External (personssituation) • Example: Person shoutingatyou in the street • Theperson isrude. • He istrying to warnyoubecauseyou are in dangerousneighborhood.

  20. Attributionerrors • Formingimpressionsismostlylogical and reasonable, BUTpeople make oftenerrors in attribution. • Thefundamentalattributionerror • Video

  21. Attributionerrors • Thefundamentalattributionerror • Definition: Thetendencyforobservers to underestimatesituationalinfluences and overestimetedispositionalinfluences. • Unconscious • Unintentional

  22. Two-stage model ofattribution

  23. Test • Test:

  24. Prejudice and stereotypes

  25. Structureofgeneralknowledge • Category:groupofobjectsthat are processed in similarfashion; highersthe speed ofprocessing • Cons: Sometimesleads to incorrectconclusions. Muslims

  26. Prejudice and stereotypes • Prejudice: Anunjustifiable negative attitudetoward a group and itsmembers. • Stereotype: A beliefaboutthepersonalattributesof a groupofpeople. • Prototype:thebestexampleof a category (average, centraltendency)

  27. Prejudice and stereotypes • Prejudice • Prejudgemental • Attitudes: Affective, behavioral and cognitivecomponents. • Sourcesof prejudice: • Emotionalassociations • Justificationofbehavior • Stereotypes

  28. Prejudice and stereotypes • Stereotyping = generalizing • Pro´s: • Simplificationoftheworld • „Africansare lazy.“ • Canhavegermoftruth • Con´s: • Whenthey are overgeneralized/wrong

  29. Prejudice: Attitude – behaviorschema Attitude Prejudice „Immigrantsare the source ofourtrouble!!!“ Behavior Discrimination „Let noneoftheminto CZ!!!“

  30. Prejudice Shrodingers migrant????

  31. Prejudice • Racism: • Individualsprejudicialattitudes and discriminatorybehaviortowardpeopleof a givenrace, or • Institutionalpracticesthatsubordinatepeopleof a givenrace. • Are You a racist?

  32. Prejudice and discrimination • Overt vs. latentracism • Overtformsof prejudice againstotherminorities and races are lesscommonthan in 20th century. • Subtleformsof prejudice and discriminationprevail. • Implicitracism test • https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/user/agg/blindspot/indexrk.htm

  33. Prejudice and discrimination • Video: Bike theft

  34. Interculturalcommunication

  35. Interculturalcommunication

  36. Verbalcommunication

  37. Language • 2 aspectsoflanguage: • Prosodic (acousticaspect) • Emphasis (pitch, loudness) • Intonation • Pragmatic (the use ofwords) • Bothaspect are sourcesofcommunicationproblemsbetweencultures.

  38. Prosodicaspects • Gumperz (1982): Indian and Pakistaniwomenworking in cafeteria in Britain. • Seen as unpleasant and uncooperative. • Somewordstheysaidcouldbeinterpretednegatively. • Example: Question„Gravy?“ whenserving food in buffet. • Withrisingintonation: Question „Do youwantgravy?“ • Withfallingintonation: Statementoffact (redundant/rude)

  39. Pragmaticaspects • Indirect vs. direct style ofcommunication • Direct: YES = YES, NO = NO • Indirect: YES = YES/MAYBE/NO, MAYBE = NO • Example: Managergets a poorlywritten report • Direct: You have made a number of errors and incorrect assumptions in this report. Go back, check your data and proofread your work. • Indirect: It seems there are some mistakes in this report and readers may question some of your assumptions. Could you check it over another time before finalizing it?

  40. Pragmaticaspects

  41. Non-verbalcommunication

  42. Non-verbalcommunication • Facialexpressions • Posture • Gestures • Proxemics • Kinesics • Haptics

  43. Facialexpressions • Expressionofemotions - culture: • Differentculturesencourage/discouragetheexpressionofsomeemotions more thanothers. • Culturesdiffer in expressionofemotional intensity. • Display rules: Specificculturalrulesthatgoverntheexpression and controlofemotionalexpression in specificsituations. • Expressionofemotionaccording to therules: + reaction • Violatingtherules: - reaction • Do not show strong (especially negative) emotions

  44. Gestures • Body language • Set ofprecisemeaningsforallmembersofculture • Sociallylearned→ culturallyspecific(differentmeaning in 2 cultures) • Some are multicultural(„Come to me“) • Havewordsequivalent, accompanywords • Mostly hand movements, shrugging, headmovements…

  45. Gestures - Emblems

  46. Gestures • Military hand signals: tacticalsignals • Ourinterpretation?

  47. Specificsofcommunication in Ghana • More than 100 languages and dialects, Englishofficial • Try to learngreeting in locallanguage • Sources • http://acad.depauw.edu/~mkfinney/teaching/Com227/culturalportfolios/GHANA/Comm-Verbal.html • http://acad.depauw.edu/~mkfinney/teaching/Com227/culturalportfolios/GHANA/Comm-Non-Verbal.html • https://www.international.gc.ca/cil-cai/country_insights-apercus_pays/ci-ic_gh.aspx?lang=eng

  48. Specificsofcommunication in Ghana • Eye-contact: avoidifhigher status • Indirectcommunication • Formalcommunication: in areasof business • Smallpersonalspace • Handshake: alwaysaccept, left hand unclean, friendsofsame sex hold hands • Greeting: • Extremelyimportantforbuildingrelationship • Small talk: significance of a persons’ name and meaning, ethnic origin, family, religion and occupation

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