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Ancient Contributions Hippocrates (ca. 460-360 B.C.), founder of medicine

Ancient Contributions Hippocrates (ca. 460-360 B.C.), founder of medicine Plato (427-347 B.C.), argued for importance of exercise Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), first scholarly works on movement in animals Archimedes (287-212 B.C.), principle underlying hydrostatic weighing

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Ancient Contributions Hippocrates (ca. 460-360 B.C.), founder of medicine

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  1. Ancient Contributions • Hippocrates (ca. 460-360 B.C.), founder of medicine • Plato (427-347 B.C.), argued for importance of exercise • Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), first scholarly works on movement in animals • Archimedes (287-212 B.C.), principle underlying hydrostatic weighing • Galen (129-199 A.D.) an early precursor to textbook of Shea & Wright

  2. Middle Ages 350-1350 AD _____________ involved extreme self-denial (including development of the physical) in order to ensure spiritual self • _________________ involved full commitment to the development of the mind as opposed to the body

  3. Renaissance and Reformation (ca. 1350-1650 AD) • Rebirth and change were the order of the day • Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), detailed drawings of human anatomy and physique • _________ (1564-1642), formalization of physics

  4. New Beginnings (18 & 19th centuries) • Sir Issac Newton (1642-1727), laws of motion • Wilhem Wundt (1870s), training the mind • Development of Swedish and German Gymnastics systems in 1800s • Association for Advancement of Physical Education founded in _____

  5. Early Programs in Physical Education • Dudley Sargent (late 1800’s), Director of Hemingway Gymnasium ($110, 000) • Harvard University (1891),4 yr degree in anatomy, physiology, and physical training (curriculum included: experimental physics, zoology, general anatomy, comparative anatomy, English, foreign languages, anthropometry, applied anatomy, animal mechanics, and gymnastics and athletics. Texas A&M University Student Rec Center built at a cost of 36.4 million

  6. Emergence of a discipline A discipline is an organized body of knowledge collectively embraced in a formal course of learning. Its principle function is to develop a coherent body of knowledge that describes, explains, and predicts key phenomena from the domain of interest (or area of study) (From Abernethy et al. 1997, The Biophysical Foundations of Human Movement)

  7. AAKPE: Nature of the Field • A. Physical Activity Focus • posture, locomotion, manipulation, communication • daily living, dance, sport, and work • B. Concentration primarily on human (the • individual, but should include groups, • (e.g., special populations) as well as society in general. • C. Interdisciplinary approach (see C1-C4) • D. Outcome or performance base • E. Professional training (but beyond training • teachers)

  8. Inter-disciplinary nature of this discipline • Movement and biological sciences • anatomical kinesiology, exercise physiology, health & fitness • Movement coordination, control and skill • biomechanics, motor control, motor learning, motor development, adapted PE • Movement and the individual self • sport psychology • Movement, society, and culture • sport psychology, motor development, sport sociology, sport history, sport management From AAKPE, 1997

  9. Potential Pitfall in the discipline: Fragmentation • greater specialization of faculty, training, and programs • reliance on literature from broader fields (physiology,engineering, psychology, education) • proliferation of societies • proliferation of journals

  10. What’s in a name? • increased rigor (see next slide) • more emphasis in cross-disciplinary approach (kinesiology is better fit) • reduced need for PE teachers • less time spent in classroom/more time in recreation activity • broader professional scope

  11. The need for increased rigor • GRE (1984-1987) Physics (#1) V=568, Q=692, T =1260 PE (#95) V=421, Q=483, T = 904 • SAT (1990 1st yr. Umass Students) Sp. Management 928 Prof. Prep 890 Ex. Sci. 1003 (Taken from Katch, 1989)

  12. Kinesiology Comprehensive and systematic study of physical activity. It is a field of academic inquiry concerned with understanding how and why people are physically active, and the factors that limit or enhance our capacity for physical activity where physical activity is considered to be: an intentional, voluntary movement directed toward achieving an identifiable goal

  13. Profession Professions, as a general rule, try to improve the conditions of society by providing regulated services in which practices and education/training programs are developed that are in accordance with knowledge available from one or more disciplines • identifiable tasks performed • framework developed within publicly recognized organization • certain education or training requirements • political recognition • code of ethics or standards for acceptable practice

  14. ________ ________ ______ ______ ______ ______ _________ __________ ___________ ___________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ ______________ Broad Professional Agenda Taken From Newell, 1989

  15. Disciplines and Professions: The relationship Facts Theories Principles Laws • Definitions • Descriptions • Relationships • Causes • Effects • Objectives • Programs • Teaching • Training • Learning • Evaluation Needs Problems Observations Confirmations

  16. Kinesiology: Subjective Experience Unique in that everyone experiences physical activity which provides a contributing perspective: • self -sufficiency • self-expression • work • education • leisure • health • competition Modified from Hoffman & Harris, 2000

  17. Kinesiology: Subjective Experience • Self-sufficiency • ADL • Aging • Disease State • Self-expression • Gestures • Dances • Rituals

  18. Kinesiology: Subjective Experience • Work • Intensity • Efficiency • injury and ergonomics • Education • K-12 • Leisure • physical activity • sport watching

  19. Physically Educated: NASPE 1995 • Demonstrates competency in many movement forms and proficiency in a few movement forms • applies movement concepts and principles to the learning and development of motor skills • exhibit a physically active lifestyle • Achieves and maintains a health-enhancing level of physical fitness • demonstrates responsible personal and social behavior in physical activity settings • demonstrates an understanding and respect for differences among people in physical activity settings • understands that physical activity provides the opportunities for enjoyment, challenge, self-expression, and social interaction

  20. Kinesiology: Subjective Experience • Health in 1992 13. 6% of GDP spent on health care • prevention (physical and psychological well-being) • intervention • Competition (not just sport!) • teams (varsity, intramural) • individual • impersonal

  21. Work Leisure Subjective Experience Education Expression Competition Health Self-sufficient Therapeutics Anatomy Ex. Physiology Professions Family of Sub-disciplines Sp. Pedagogy Research Management Wellness Sp. Psych Dance Motor Dev. Instruction Biomechanics Health & Fitness Motor Behavior

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